Introduction. In modern literature, there is a growing interest in neuroinflammation as one of the pathogenetic factors characteristic of vibration disease (VD). Despite the widespread use of biomarkers in the diagnosis of neurological disorders, there is still no consensus on their diagnostic and clinical significance. In this regard, the specification of the issues of VB pathogenesis is a necessary basis for substantiating personalized predictive diagnostic and treatment methods.

The study aims to systematize and analyze the results of many years of research devoted to the study of neuroimmunochemical mechanisms underlying the formation and development of vibration disease in order to substantiate informative markers of early and differential diagnosis.

Materials and methods. The scientific materials of long-term research devoted to the study of neuroimmunochemical mechanisms underlying the formation and development of VB are systematized, analyzed and summarized, followed by the substantiation of informative markers of early and differential diagnosis. During the study, the authors have analyzed the subpopulation composition of lymphocytes, cytokines, neurotrophins, antibodies (AB) to nervous tissue proteins, heat shock proteins, hormones, polymorphisms of the BDNF (rs6265), CNTF (rs1800169), dopamine receptors DRD2/ANKK1 (rs1800497) and DRD4 (rs1800955) genes.

Results. Neuroinflammation in VB, as in other diseases of the nervous system, is characterized by a significant number of sequentially occurring and parallel neuroimmunobiochemical reactions that regulate each other. A systematic analysis of the studies performed made it possible to show the role of cytokines, neuro-AB, neurotrophins, and molecular genetic markers of the dopaminergic system in the pathogenesis of VB and to substantiate the most significant diagnostic markers. Despite the universality of the immunobiochemical processes of neuroinflammation, biomarkers for a specific pathology are of some importance in diagnosis, taking into account concomitant diseases and the severity of the course. At the same time, individual biomarkers are not always objective indicators of certain disorders, but their combination will help both in the diagnosis and monitoring of the course of VB.

Limitations. The limitations of this work may be surveys performed during different periods.

Conclusion. The most significant diagnostic markers of neuroinflammation in VB include both elevated and decreased parameters of cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, IL-1b, TNFa), neurotrophins (dopamine, BDNF, CNTF, and S100), AB to nervous tissue and neurotransmitters (S100, MBM, V-zav. Ca-channel, Ach-R, Gly-R, GABA-R, DA-R, Ser-R, M-OR, B-end), which indicate the severity of changes in the nervous system, and in combination with clinical data may be the basis for improving approaches to early diagnosis and severity of the course the pathological process.

Ethics. In the course of the study, the Ethical standards of the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association "Ethical Principles of conducting Scientific medical research with human Participation" (2024) were observed, with the signing of informed consent to participate in the study. There is a conclusion of the Local Ethics Committee of the East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research for all completed studies.

Contributions:
Bodienkova G.M. — concept and design of research, collection and processing of material;
Lakhman O.L. — text editing;
Boklazhenko E.V. — collection and processing of material;
Shevchenko O.I. — collection and processing of the material;
Rusanova D.V. — collection and processing of the material;
Kurchevenko S.I. — collection and processing of material;
Chistova N.P. — collection and processing of the material;
All co-authors — approving the final version of the article and ensuring the integrity of all parts of the article.

Funding. The work was carried out within the Framework of funds intended for the implementation of the state assignment of the East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received: 16.03.2026 / Accepted: 06.04.2026 / Published: 02.06.2026

Introduction. Due to the ongoing active economic and scientific development of the Arctic, interest in the study of adaptation and preservation of human health during stay and work in high latitudes remains relevant.

The study aims to identify the dynamics of saliva hormones, the sorption activity of the epithelium of the oral fluid, as well as indicators of cellular immunity of participants in a three-week Arctic route.

Materials and methods. Scientists have examined 39 participants of the Arctic Floating University expedition: 26 women and 13 men aged 30 to 52 years (Me=23 years). Morning saliva was collected at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the 21-day route. The researchers determined the levels of cortisol and testosterone by enzyme immunoassay, and determined the activity of the epithelium in the sediment by microscopy, estimating the average number of microbial bodies on the surface of 100 squamous epitheliocytes. Blood sampling was carried out at the beginning and at the end of the expedition. The experts determined the number of white blood cells in Goryaev's chamber, and they calculated the leukocyte formula in blood smears.

Results. The maximum concentrations of cortisol at the beginning of the flight in men (21.3 nmol/L) and women (23.6 nmol/L) decrease by 4 and 3.2 times in the middle, respectively, and by the end of the route they are 7.4 and 13.5 nmol/l. Testosterone levels significantly increased in the middle of the route by 2.4 times in men (1.72 versus 0.73 nmol/L) and 6 times in women (0.26 versus 0.05 nmol/L) and remained elevated by the end of the expedition. The testosterone/cortisol index increases 10 times in men and 13 times in women in the middle of the route, and its values are 8 and 10 times higher at the end of the route than at the beginning. The sorption activity of the epithelium decreases slightly in the middle of the route (p=0.071). By the end of the expedition, the men's neutrophil-lymphocyte index decreased (2.36 versus 3.78 units, p=0.005) and the Garkavi index increased (0.51 versus 0.27 units, p=0.004).

Limitations. A disproportionately large number of women and the inability to measure the background values of indicators before the route.

Conclusion. The dynamics of hormonal parameters reflect the restructuring of regulatory systems towards anabolic processes, starting from the middle of the route, which contributes to adaptation during the period of intense physical work. There is also a slight decrease in the mechanisms of local immune defense in the middle of the route. Only men had a significant increase in the Garkavi index and a decrease in the neutrophil-lymphocyte index at the end of the route. In women, however, hormonal changes are more pronounced and a greater number of correlations between immune and hormonal parameters have been revealed.

Ethics. The study was conducted in compliance with Ethical standards (Protocol No. 003-25/06 of the meeting of the Ethics Committee dated 06/25/2025).

Contributions:
Elfimova A.E. — concept and design of research, collection and processing of material, writing text;
Patyavina O.I. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing;
Kulikova I.K. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing;
Shtaforov V.A. — material processing, text writing;
Patrakeeva V.P. — research concept and design, editing;
Tipisova E.V. — research concept and design, editing;
Zyabisheva V.N. — material processing, text writing;
Molodovskaya I.N. — material processing;
Alikina V.A. — material processing.

Gratitude. The authors express their gratitude to the Arctic Floating University project and the participants of this study, without whom it would not have taken place.

Funding. The study was carried out with the financial support of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation in accordance with the plans of the Federal Research Institute.

Conflict of interest. The authors no conflict of interest.

Received: 12.03.2026 / Accepted: 30.04.2025 / Published: 02.06.2026

Introduction. The work of drivers is associated with the impact of a complex of unfavorable factors of the industrial environment and high visual stress, which leads to fatigue, decreased concentration of attention and an increased risk of traffic accidents. Intelligent monitoring systems for drivers behavior make it possible to detect changes in psychoemotional state and warn of dangerous behavior in real time. Equipping the video cameras of these systems with IR LEDs makes it possible to monitor the driver in low-light conditions during the dark period of the day. The scientific data obtained so far make it possible, under certain conditions, to consider IR radiation as a risk factor for adverse effects on the organ of vision, which requires an additional assessment of its safety.

The study aims to assess the potential danger of near–infrared radiation from the LED backlight of the video camera of the driver's behavior monitoring system for the organ of vision during its prolonged regular operation.

Materials and methods. The researchers have examined the workplaces of drivers in 20 dump trucks equipped with IR‑illuminated video cameras. The authors have performed 100 measurements of energy illumination from the IR LEDs of the video camera and thermal irradiation from other sources of IR radiation. The hygienic assessment was carried out in accordance with SanPiN 1.2.3685-21. The experts have analyzed the results of an in-depth ophthalmological examination of 20 drivers (age 41.6±5.6 years, experience 8.6±5.7 years, duration of work with monitoring systems 3.1±1.3 years), depending on age, work experience and duration of operation of monitoring systems. Statistical data processing was performed in IBM SPSS Statistics 27.

Results. Energetic illumination of IR radiation (940 nm) at the driver's eye level (0.5–0.7 m) was 1.0–3.9 W/m², which is significantly lower than the permissible level (100 W/m²). According to ophthalmological examination, 30% had dry eye syndrome, 40% had accommodation and refractive disorders, and 30% had no pathology. The relationship of ophthalmological disorders with the duration of work with the monitoring system and age has not been established (p>0.05), while drivers with more than 10 years of experience had violations more often (χ²=8,889; p=0.012).

Limitations. The study is limited by the number of models of driver behavior monitoring systems and the number of employees surveyed.

Conclusion. The conducted studies did not reveal the potential danger of the adverse effect of near-infrared radiation from the LEDs of video cameras of the driver behavior monitoring systems of the LA-Aline and LA-LineC models studied on the organ of vision. Experience as a driver is a significant risk factor for developing dry eye syndrome and disorders of accommodation and refraction, and therefore experts recommend conducting an in-depth ophthalmological examination of drivers as part of periodic medical examinations.

Ethics. This study did not require the conclusion of the Ethics committee.

Contributions:
Pokhodzey L.V. — research concept and design, data collection and processing, text writing, editing;
Perov S.Yu. — research concept and design, text writing, editing;
Eremeeva A.G. — data processing, text writing, editing.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received: 03.04.2026 / Accepted: 04.05.2026 / Published: 02.06.2026

Introduction. Without special preventive measures, the consequences of hyperbaric exposure to the body of warm-blooded animals and humans, as well as the subsequent transition to normal conditions, can be deadly due to the occurrence of specific diseases (decompression sickness), the toxic effects of oxygen, nitrogen and helium., as well as injuries, for example, barotrauma of the lungs and other air-bearing cavities of the body. The use of special liquids for breathing provides a fundamentally different approach to the exploration of hydrospace, devoid of etiopathogenetic prerequisites for the development of these conditions. However, in order to perform tasks in hyperbaric conditions, it is necessary that the technology allows for conscious activity. It has been established that with liquid breathing (LB) under normobaria conditions, conditioned reflex activity (CRA) in small laboratory animals is preserved, but there is no data on its safety in conditions of hyperbaria.

The study aims to assess the preservation of respondent conditioning activity in small laboratory animals with independent LB in immersion in the respiratory fluid (RF) under conditions of hyperbaria.

Materials and methods. The authors have conducted a study on male Syrian hamsters 4 months old, 120–140 g weight. For the study, a labyrinth was used, which allows to study CRA in small laboratory animals in a liquid environment.

The labyrinth was placed in a hyperbaric setup with liquid medium to get required external pressure. The study had 2 stages. Animals were trained a conditioned response to drowning avoiding while air breathing at the 1^st stage. The animal was placed on the lower level, then the labyrinth was immersed in the tank filled with water. The speed of immersion was to provide the animal's head above the water level. The risk of drowning made the animal to search for a passway to the higher level. The researchers have trained 3 times a day for 10 days under atmospheric pressure conditions. At the 2^nd stage, the authors studied the effect of liquid respiration on the state of conditioned reflex activity of animals in normal (group 1) and hyperbaria (group 2) conditions. In the case of hyperbaric exposure, an aquarium filled with oxygenated perfluorohexane enriched with oxygen was placed in a hyperbaric stand.

The labyrinth with a fixed at the lower-level animal was totally immersed in aquarium. The specialists closed the bayonet shutter of the stand and performed compression to a preset pressure, after which the animal was removed from fixation. Animal was observed with video translation. The time counting of the labyrinth passage began since fixation had been released. CRA status was valued by the mean finishing time or by the labyrinth level at which animal had stopped.

Results. At atmospheric pressure, 100% of the animals completed the labyrinth, while the average passage time was 45±12 s. The labyrinth trial with 1,2 MPa gauge pressure value was successfully completed by the 60% of animals, mean trial time was 76±25 s, the least 40% of animals had stopped from 3^rd to at 5^th level. It was also noteworthy that in the process of LB in animals of all groups there was a significant decrease in rectal temperature. The temperature difference before and after the study in groups I and II was 6.0 and 8.1°C. The decrease in body temperature directly depended on the duration of immersion of animals in the RF, which for groups I and II was 155±17 and 246±29 s, respectively.

Conclusion. With independent liquid breathing in immersion in the respiratory fluid in hyperbaria, there is a decrease in CRA, which can be caused both by the direct influence of excessive environmental pressure and by other factors, including developing hypothermia.

Ethics. The study was conducted in accordance with the Ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The Clinical Study Protocol was reviewed at a meeting by the local Ethics Committee of Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health (Protocol No. 8 of November 23, 2016).

Contributions:
Bonitenko E.Yu. — study concept and design, writing;
Kotskiy M.A. — study concept and design, data collection and processing, writing;
Tonshin A.A. — study concept and design, writing;
Makarov A.F. — data collection and processing, editing;
Kovtun A.L. — editing;
Bala A.M. — editing;
Muravskaya M.P. — data collection and processing;
Tkachuk Yu.V. — data collection and processing;
Bondarenko A.V. — data collection and processing.

Funding. The study was funded by The Advanced Research Foundation, Moscow, Russian Federation.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received: 10.04.2026 / Accepted: 27.04.2026 / Published: 02.06.2026

Introduction. Transposons are DNA sequences capable of moving through the genome. LINE1 is the only autonomous transposon that is still actively replicated in humans, thus playing a key role in the evolution and regulation of the genome. The experts have observed increased mobility of LINE1 as a result of exposure to certain known carcinogens, such as heavy metals, benz(a)pyrene and bisphenol A.

The study aims to research the expression level of LINE1 transposons in the kidneys and liver of model animals exposed to chronic exposure to various doses of cadmium chloride.

Materials and methods. Five groups of Wistar rats (72 in total, 7 males and 7 females in the experimental groups and 8 males and 8 females in control group) were formed for the experiment. Experimental groups received a cadmium chloride solution in water at doses of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/kg.

Results. The authors observed a dose-dependent increase in the level of LINE1 transcription, but statistical analysis did not show a significant increase in the level of relative transposon expression. The evaluation of the variances revealed significant differences from the control group in animals exposed to high doses of the toxicant. There are weak associations between the levels of relative expression of metallotineins and transposon genes.

Limitations. The study was conducted on rats, and its results cannot be automatically transferred to humans. The obtained levels of relative transposon expression are highly susceptible to random fluctuations, which, together with the small size of the studied sample, necessitates further research on a larger sample in order to obtain more reliable results.

Conclusion. The results obtained suggest the presence of cadmium-induced activation of transposon LINE1 transcription in rat organs, but the result did not reach the level of statistical significance. At the same time, the increase in variance in the experimental groups suggests that activation depends on a variety of factors mediating the response to toxic effects.

Ethics. The study was approved by the bioethical Commission of the Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology on 11.12.2023 No. 01-12. Throughout the study, the animals were kept in standard conditions with twelve hours of artificial light during the daytime, a relatively constant humidity level (30–70%) and an air temperature of plus 20–25°C. Manipulations with all animals were carried out strictly in compliance with the rules set out in the basic regulatory documents, including the "European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes" (Strasbourg, 1986) and the Helsinki Declaration on Humane Treatment of Animals.

Contributions:
Karimov D.D. — research concept and design, PCR, material collection and processing, statistical data processing, text writing, editing;
Mukhammadieva G.F. — RNA isolation, PCR, material collection, editing;
Ryabova Yu.V. — concept and design of research, organization of experiment, collection of material;
Repina E.F. — concept and design of research, collection and processing of material;
Gizatullina A.A. — conducting PCR, collecting material, editing;
Smolyankin D.A. — conducting experiments on animals, collecting material;
Karimov D.O. — research concept and design, experimental organization, statistical data processing, editing.

Funding. Industry research program of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well‑being for 2021-2025, p. 6.1.9 "Experimental substantiation of highly sensitive markers of toxic metal exposure to the body and development of preventive measures".

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received: 29.12.2025 / Accepted: 28.04.2026 / Published: 02.06.2026

Localized low-temperature exposure comprises medical technologies based on controlled heat removal from a limited tissue region and differing in clinical purpose and biological outcome. The aim of this review was to refine the terminology, compare the main directions of localized low-temperature exposure, trace the evolution of approaches, and analyze current clinical fields of application. An analytical review of Russian and international publications indexed in RISC, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar was performed. The review shows that modern cryomedicine should distinguish three independent directions of localized low-temperature exposure: destruction, preservation, and therapy. These directions share the same thermal basis but differ in their intended biological outcome, acceptable temperature range, cooling depth, exposure duration, and criteria of effectiveness. Current research is focused on standardizing temperature-time protocols, improving navigation and computational support, personalizing cooling, and evaluating clinical outcomes in minimally invasive treatment, transplantation, medical rehabilitation, and restorative medicine. The proposed systematization may serve as a basis for clinically oriented description and further standardization of the cold factor in medicine, including medical rehabilitation, restorative treatment, and conditions associated with limited functional activity.

Contributions:
Korobova N.Yu. — concept and design of the review, literature search and analysis, systematization of the material, writing of the manuscript;|
Makarov A.F. — concept of the review, scientific editing, critical revision of the content;
Pushkarev A.V. — literature search and analysis, drafting of selected sections of the manuscript, editing;
Shakurov A.V. — literature analysis, participation in data interpretation, editing of the manuscript;
Tsiganov D.I. — scientific supervision, critical revision of the manuscript, approval of the final version of the article.

Funding. The study was supported by grants from the Russian Science Foundation (RSF), № 24-79-10153, https://rscf.ru/project/24-79-10153/ (section on local low-temperature exposure for therapeutic purposes) and № 24-19-00497, https://rscf.ru/project/24-19-00497/ (sections of local low-temperature exposure for the purpose of destruction and preservation of biological tissues).

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received: 29.04.2026 / Accepted: 01.05.2026 / Published: 02.06.2026

The paper presents data on the use of human biomonitoring methodology to assess the effects of medicines on the body of pharmaceutical and healthcare workers in various countries. The authors have conducted a search and analysis of relevant scientific literature in the scientometric databases Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, RSCI, Cyberleninka, regulatory documents in the ConsultantPlus legal reference system and foreign registers of relevant departments.

Data are presented on the contamination of surfaces in production workshops, pharmacy premises, wards, procedure rooms, pharmaceutical isolators, and compounding units in healthcare facilities with antitumor drugs: cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, megestrol, bicamitacide, capecitabine, and etoposide in concentrations exceeding the maximum permissible concentration (MPC). Several studies demonstrated contamination with antibiotics such as piperacillin, amoxicillin, meropenem, benzylpenicillin, and vancomycin on surfaces and in the ambient air of procedure rooms and wards in various departments.

An analysis of the literature revealed that when conducting biomonitoring studies in medical workers of cancer hospitals, cyclophosphamide was detected in urine at the level of 0.05–0.99 mcg/l, ifosfamide at a concentration of 0.10–0.44 mcg/l, methotrexate 0.10–3.17 mcg/l, 5-fluorouracil 1.0–24.5 mcg/l. Qualitative analysis of blood plasma from medical personnel in more than 30% of samples identified various antitumor agents at the level of 0.1–1 ng/ml, including platinum‒containing (irinotecan) in the range of 92 pg/ml – 266 pg/ml and platinum in hair at the level of 3.24 (2.35–4.74)×10^–³ ng. A number of studies have shown the results of quantitative determination of narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics in the biological environment of pharmaceutical workers.

The presented data indicates the relevance of the introduction of biological control of the production environment with the establishment of biomarkers of exposure to priority drugs with toxic properties.

At this stage of the introduction of human biomonitoring in Russia, there are limitations associated with the imperfection and incompleteness of the regulatory framework, as well as the lack of systematic approaches in the selection of biological substrates, analytical methods for the determination of drugs in the biological environment of workers, and therefore the comparison of research results is difficult.

Contributions:
Lalymenko O.S. — research concept and design, collection, processing, analysis of material, writing of the manuscript text;
Korsun L.V. — text editing, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received: 23.03.2026 / Accepted: 31.03.2026 / Published: 02.06.2026

Reviews have been published for years in medical journals as integrators of new data in evidencebased medicine. This type of publication is finding its way into social sciences, humanities and other areas, getting popularity in the global context of the unprecedented rise in scholarly information. Reviews arrange and streamline the inflow of information, critically reflect on the new research contributions to science, outline the focus trends in subject areas and define gaps in the knowledge. Comparatively limited expertise of Russian researchers in authoring reviews is analysed against the advanced international traditions coupled with some practical guidelines relating to internationally published high-quality reviews. The article considers functions, characteristics, taxonomy and methodologies of reviews as a highly potential type of scientific publication for science in Russia. The authors also touch upon criteria for taxonomy resulting in multiple types of reviews and specific features of methods of the most popular and widely spread reviews (systematic reviews, scoping reviews, bibliometric reviews, etc.) in various fields and disciplines.