Introduction. Heart disease has remained the leading cause of death in the world for the past 20 years. The development and progression of cardiovascular diseases, along with genetic, somatic, behavioral, socioeconomic, environmental, and other risk factors, are significantly affected by unfavorable industrial and professional aspects: physical-vibration, noise, temperature disturbance; ergonomic — inactivity, and monotonous work, physical overstrain, chemical, biological, stress, etc. The primary pathogenetic mechanism leading to the development of CHD and fatal complications — myocardial infarction, strokes, thrombosis, and other diseases of the cardiovascular system is atherosclerosis.

The study aimed to assess the risk of developing cardiovascular complications in employees who operate and maintain communication facilities based on wired and wireless technologies

Materials and methods. An in-depth examination of the health status of 50 employees of the service for the operation of radio equipment and communications was conducted. Blood serum levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and LDL were determined, and the atherogenicity index was calculated. The probability of total risk of cardiovascular complications and five-year cardiovascular risk was calculated for all the examined patients according to the European SCORE scale and the ASCORE rating scale. The "Vascular age" was also calculated.

Results. Based on the analysis of lipid metabolism indicators, a high cardiovascular risk was identified in 40% of the examined patients. Increased values of the atherogenicity index were already observed in middle-aged people (45–60 years). Analysis of the data obtained using the SCORE and ASCORE assessment scales revealed a high risk of developing cardiovascular complications in middle-aged (45–60 years) and elderly (61–74 years) individuals. The excess of the vascular age in comparison with the real (passport) age was established in middle-aged (45–60 years) and elderly (61–74 years) individuals, on average, 7 (p<0.001) and 5 (p=0.026) years, respectively.

Conclusion. The most pronounced changes in lipid metabolism and the risk of cardiovascular risk were in people of the most working age (45–60). In this regard, it is necessary to develop preventive measures aimed at cardioscreening to detect early signs of health disorders, prevent the development of cardiovascular complications, and the formation of groups at increased risk of diseases.

Introduction. The impact of high information and neuro-emotional loads on teachers and medical workers contributes to professional stress and the development of production-related diseases. The development of preventive programs in health-saving behavior is quite relevant.

It reveals the need to study the peculiarities of the labor activity in employees of pedagogical labor and the medical sphere.

The study aims to substantiate hygienic and medical-preventive programs to prevent the development of overstrain and maintain health in pedagogical and medical workers with different work intensities.

Materials and methods. Researchers carried out comprehensive physiological and hygienic studies, a hygienic assessment of the intensity of the labor process, and factors of the production environment. We have a questionnaire survey and the results of medical examinations of teachers and surgeons.

Scientists did physiological studies on the state of the cardiovascular system with characteristics of the response to stress loads (ECG recording on a 12-channel electrocardiograph and continuously using Holter monitoring, determination of systemic blood pressure). We calculated the total risk of fatal cardiovascular complications on the SCORE scale. Researchers carried out statistical processing of the obtained data using the statistical program EpiInfo 3.5.2., Statistika 10, Microsoft Excel 2010.

Results. 85.7% of medical university teachers have chronic diseases, and diseases of the circulatory system prevail in the structure of morbidity, the frequency of which increases with age.

The results of the questionnaire survey established the priority behavioral risk factors for teachers. There is a high (from >5% to 10%) and very high (>10%) absolute risk of fatal cardiovascular complications on the SCORE scale 
in teachers.

In surgeons, the study of the features and degree of adequacy of the cardiovascular system's response to stress during work revealed the tension of the regulatory mechanisms of the circulatory system, which indicates a decrease in the functional capabilities of the myocardium.

Conclusions. Neuro-emotional stress of work is the leading professional factor in the teaching staff of higher medical education (2 permissible, 3 class of harmfulness of the 1^st degree) and surgeons (class 3.2). It determines the formation of the functional state of neuropsychiatric tension.

Introduction. Heavy metal compounds of copper-zinc pyrite ores can negatively affect the blood-forming and composition of peripheral blood of workers at mining and milling industry. Studying of the mechanisms of the development of metal-induced anemia will help in the search of ways to correct disorders in the red blood system.

The study aims to estimate the mechanism of functional disorders of the central and peripheral parts of erythron in the long-term intoxication of natural heavy metal compounds in the experiment.

Material and methods. The work was carried out on 50 white non-linear male rats weighing 220,5±15,5 g. Sample of the studied ore was provided by Uchalinsky Mining and Refining Plant (Uchaly, Bashkortostan Republic, Russia). The rats were given a water suspension of copper-zinc powder daily for 90 days for 1 hour before feeding, the dose was calculated on the basis of the maximum allowable concentration of lead (0,2–0,5 mg/kg) and cadmium (0,02–0,1 mg/kg) in grain and bread. The number of red blood cells, reticulocytes, hemoglobin and the concentration of erythropoietin were determined in the peripheral blood. Bone marrow erythropoiesis was evaluated by the quantitative and qualitative composition of erythroblastic islets (EI) and indicators of proliferation and maturation of erythroblasts in the EI. Statistical analysis was conducted using Mann–Whitney's non-parametric methods and Pearson's paired correlation.

Results. On the 10^th day young EI completely disappeared in the bone marrow, and erythropoiesis was supported only by reconstruction. In the peripheral blood the number of erythropoietin decreased by 22%, the number of reticulocytes doubled.  The number of mature EI in the bone marrow was doubled by 30 days. By 90 days the number of reticulocytes in the blood returned to normal, but in the bone marrow the content of young forms of EI was 5 times less than the control values. Correlational analysis showed the absence of direct links between the central and peripheral parts of erythron in animals with chronic intoxication of copper-zinc pyrite ore, that present in the control group.

Conclusion. With long-term combined exposure with heavy metals of natural origin, regulatory processes in the red blood system are disrupted, that is accompanied with inhibition of erythropoiesis in the EI.

Introduction. The problem of preventing the development of stroke in workers under the influence of harmful production factors is urgent.

The aim of the study was to study the characteristics of stroke in men under conditions of industrial noise exposure, to establish the prognostic value in the formation and course of the disease.

Material and methods. The study involved 71 men with stroke from 30 to 65 years old, who worked in conditions of industrial noise in the professions of "pilot of civil aviation aircraft" and "adjuster of railway construction machines" for 5 years or more. In order to develop a mathematical model for predicting the development of stroke and to establish an individual risk, a group of 81 men from 30 to 65 years old, working under conditions of exposure to occupational noise for 5 years or more, who had no history of stroke data, were also examined. Using the method of sequential inclusion of the studied risk factors (Forward Stepwise), we selected those that made an independent significant contribution to the development of stroke. Based on the results obtained, a logistic regression formula was created, which determines the likelihood of stroke in men working under conditions of occupational noise.

Results. In the group of patients with stroke, persons of middle age were found significantly more often — 53.5%. Ischemic stroke prevailed among clinical forms — 90.1%. Among the risk factors prevailed: arterial hypertension (AH) in 100.0% of cases, dyslipidemia factor in 78.9%, smoking factor in 59.1%. A direct moderate correlation was found between the level of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and the index of the NIHSS 1 and NIHSS 2 scales.

The influence of the following factors on the development of stroke was established: the level of total cholesterol (β-coefficient=1.0, p=0.001), the presence of atrial fibrillation factor (β-coefficient=2.9, p=0.004), the presence of a factor of alcohol abuse (β-coefficient=1.1, p=0.049), the patient has a diagnosis of grade 2 AH (β-coefficient=13, p=0.041) or a diagnosis of grade 3 hypertension (β-coefficient=1.8, p=0.008). A p(X) value exceeding 0.5 indicates a high risk of developing a stroke. The sensitivity of the proposed method was 76.1%, specificity — 74.1%.

Conclusion. The proposed multivariate model is informative for the individual prediction of the development of stroke in men working in conditions of exposure to occupational noise, because reflects the degree of influence of one factor or another on the development of the disease.

Introduction. Effective therapy of occupational polyneuropathy of the upper extremities is a difficult task, because the characteristic clinical and neurophysiological manifestations of this disease persist for many years even after the termination of contact with the etiological harmful production factor — physical overload. Taking into account the low efficiency of existing treatment methods, as well as the peculiarities of the effect of low-intensity laser therapy (LILT), the task of developing a technique for using LILT for the treatment of patients with professional polyneuropathy and assessing its effectiveness during follow-up is very urgent.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of LILT for the treatment of occupational polyneuropathy of the upper extremities.

Materials and methods. The results of treatment of 236 patients with an established diagnosis of occupational polyneuropathy of the upper extremities are presented. All patients received usual drug therapy, the treatment of patients of the main group differed from the comparison group in that they were additionally treated with LILT according to the developed method.

Results. The effectiveness of the therapy was assessed by studying the dynamics of pain in the hands using a visual pain rating scale, pulse velocity along the sensory fibers of the median and ulnar nerves. Changes in each of these parameters in subgroups were assessed at different stages of follow-up (before and immediately after treatment, after 3 and after 6 months). The division of patients into subgroups was carried out by determining type of the nerve fibers' damage.

Conclusion. The developed method of LILT of professional polyneuropathy is simple and convenient for use in clinical practice: it is applicable both in a hospital and on an outpatient basis. After treatment, in patients from the main group, in contrast to the comparison group, there was a statistically significant increase in the parameters of pulse velocity along the sensory fibers of the median and ulnar nerves with a simultaneous decrease in the severity of pain. The effect of LILT in patients from the main group decreased after 6 months, which allows us to recommend such courses of LILT 2 times a year. LILT has a limited list of contraindications and is generally well tolerated by patients with minimal local side effects.

The article presents the basic concepts of the burden of occupational diseases, the modern concept of burden assessment is considered. The burden of occupational respiratory diseases (bronchial asthma, COPD, lung cancer, pneumoconiosis, hypersensitive pneumonitis) is analyzed. In connection with the significant socio-economic damage caused by occupational diseases of the respiratory system, attention is drawn to the need to improve the effectiveness of preventive measures in the field of respiratory health protection of employees of harmful (dangerous) industries.

A retrospective cohort study was carried out to investigate the mortality of workers occupationally exposed to dust containing chrysotile asbestos fibers. In its chemical and physical properties, it differs from the fibers of other types of asbestos and is the only type of asbestos that is currently approved for use in many countries of the world. The members of the cohort are current and former employees who have worked for at least one year at the production sites of the complex of enterprises for the mining and enrichment of chrysotile asbestos (JSC "Uralasbest", Asbest, Sverdlovsk region) in the period from 01.01.1975 to 31.12.2010. Of the 35,837 members of the cohort, 12,729 (35.5%) people died (2,373 of them were malignant neoplasms of various localizations, including 10 mesotheliomas), 18,799 (52.5%) were alive at the end of the observation period (2015), and 4,309 people (12.0%) were censored by the end of 2015. The mean follow-up period was 21.7 years for men and 25.9 years for women. The average age at death was 59.4 years for men and 66.5 years for women. It is currently the world's largest cohort of workers in the field.

Introduction. One of the urgent problems of medicine around the world is the growth of malignant diseases. The impact of the production environment in developing professional and production-related skin malignancies is a sensitive area of occupational health.

The high prevalence of precancerosis and the increase in the incidence of skin cancer in people of working age indicates the need to improve diagnostic and preventive measures. One of the most effective recognized non-invasive differential diagnoses of skin tumors with high diagnostic accuracy and sensitivity is dermatoscopy.

The study aims to substantiate the importance of dermatoscopic diagnosis of skin neoplasms in workers with industrial carcinogens.

The researchers analyzed the available literature and statistical data on the impact of industrial carcinogens on benign and malignant skin lesions in workers in various industries.

Specialists from Clinic of the "Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health" examined 1,136 people during periodic medical examinations. The features of the signs of neoplasms evaluate according to the principle of their presence or absence.

There were two groups: group 1 (n=648) consisted of persons who have contact with industrial carcinogens according to the special assessment of working conditions (SAWC), group 2 (n=488) — persons who do not have contact with carcinogens in the workplace.

We found that the frequency of benign skin neoplasms increases depending on the length of work in contact with a production carcinogen.

Researchers developed the criteria of clinical and anamnestic signs (the main of which are the working conditions). Dermatoscopic criteria for the initial signs of malignancy of skin neoplasms allow us to form a group of dynamic observations of skin neoplasms in patients working with carcinogens during periodic medical examinations.

We formed a group of 38 people (29 from the first and 9 from the second group) for monitoring the dynamics of changes in neoplasms with an appearance to a dermatovenerologist after three months. Specialists sent seven people for additional examination by an oncologist to clarify the degree of existing signs of dysplasia.

The formation of a dynamic observation group with the risk of malignancy of skin neoplasms will optimize early diagnosis and ensure high efficiency of treatment in outpatient settings.

Occupational polyneuropathy of the upper extremities from the effects of physical overload in the Russian Federation is a common occupational disease that leads to a long-term decrease in the occupational capacity of patients. But at the same time, the current regulatory documents do not contain any detailed recommendations for the examination of professional suitability in patients with this disease.

The aim of the study is to substantiate the ways of improving expert approaches to determining the professional suitability of patients with occupational polyneuropathy caused by physical overload.

The adequacy of two alternative approaches to assessing the professional suitability of patients with occupational polyneuropathy was assessed, the first of which allowed the patients to continue working under the influence of physical overload, and the second indicated the need to employ these patients at work without the influence of physical overload. The adequacy of labor recommendations was assessed by the dynamics of the health status of workers in different employment options.

According to the dynamic observation of a group of 412 patients with occupational polyneuropathy, it was found that when they continued to work under conditions of physical overload, an unfavorable course of occupational pathology in the form of progression of polyneuropathy was regularly noted (36,1%), less often the development of new occupational diseases of the musculoskeletal system from physical overload. Among patients employed at work without physical overload, cases of progression of occupational pathology were not observed.

Among patients with occupational polyneuropathy, in the majority (61.9%) this disease was combined with occupational pathology of the musculoskeletal system, occupational radiculopathies of the cervical and lumbosacral levels. Periodic exacerbations of these diseases can also lead to the need to establish contraindications for admission to physically demanding work. During dynamic observation of patients with occupational polyneuropathy in 39.5% of patients, due to the unfavorable course of cardiovascular diseases, there were grounds for determining contraindications to work under the influence of all harmful industrial factors.

As a justification for contraindications to continue working under conditions of physical overload and other harmful production factors (general and local vibration, general hypothermia), the probability of progression of an occupational disease should be considered. When choosing the types of work, one should consider the presence of concomitant occupational and general diseases.