Introduction. To substantiate and practical use of optimal management solutions to reduce risk levels, it is necessary to continue research on solving the main tasks of the scientific medical platform "Preventive Environment", aimed at creating technologies for early diagnosis of occupational and production-related diseases, an objective assessment of modern working conditions and the labor process, the development of biological monitoring system and risk management.

The study aims to scientifically substantiate the model of interaction of individual elements of the working condition system and health of employees based on the risk level assessment of risk depending on the complex of harmful and/or dangerous factors of the production environment and the labor process in the main types of economic activity.

Materials and methods. We have analyzed the results of a special assessment of working conditions at the workplaces of mining and coal industry enterprises, ferrous metallurgy plants and aluminum production. Experts have summarized the materials of occupational morbidity and its structure. To assess the risk of developing chronic general somatic diseases in workers the researchers have performed a cross-sectional epidemiological study. We have studied changes in biomarkers of exposure and effect in the conditions of professional exposure to mercury on the employee's body.

Results. The analysis of modern working conditions of workers employed in mining (underground and open-pit mining), metallurgical enterprises (ferrous metallurgy plants, aluminum production), coal industry enterprises indicates that working conditions were and remain difficult and harmful, especially when performing underground mining operations. The assessment of occupational risk to the health of employees of mining and processing plants showed that the constant exposure to high levels of harmful factors — vibration, the severity of labor and the intensity of the labor process. This contributes to an increased risk of development and high spread of diseases of the circulatory system and diseases of the musculoskeletal system, as well as a significant increase in these indicators with an increase in work experience in harmful working conditions, which allows us to consider these diseases as production-related. Occupational morbidity at enterprises of the leading sectors of the economy decreased in 2020, most significantly at ferrous metallurgy plants. A comprehensive analysis of changes in biomarkers of exposure and effect in the conditions of professional exposure to mercury on the employee's body made it possible to identify groups at increased risk of developing health disorders. The analysis of a special assessment of working conditions, occupational and production-related morbidity of workers in certain sectors of the economy, as elements of the health risk assessment system, allowed us to develop Standards for enterprises in the mining and coal sectors of the economy, ensuring the preservation of workers' lives and health.

Limitations. The studies have certain limitations, since they do not concern all sectors of the economy, but only the mining, coal industry, ferrous metallurgy plants and aluminum production. The period for which occupational morbidity was analyzed is 5 years (2016–2020). These limitations open the way for further research.

Conclusion. The implementation of the developed provisions of the standards provides a risk-oriented approach in occupational health, being an important and necessary element of the formation of a preventive and preventive model of occupational risk management.

Ethics. This study did not require the conclusion of the Ethics Committee.

Contribution:
Bukhtiyarov I.V. — concept and design of the study, editing;
Kuzmina L.P. — concept and design of the study, editing;
Golovkova N.P. — concept and design of the study, editing;
Chebotarev A.G. — material collection and processing, statistical data processing, text writing;
Leskina L.M. — material collection and processing, statistical data processing, text writing;
Kotova N.I. — material collection and processing, statistical data processing, text writing;
Khelkovsky-Sergeev N.A. — collection and processing of material, statistical data processing, writing text.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 28.04.2022 / Accepted: 19.05.2022 / Published: 25.06.2022

Introduction. Occupational diseases detected at occupational examinations — pneumoconiosis and fluorosis — are, as a rule, chronic, the initial stages of development are almost asymptomatic. Industrial dust affects only the respiratory organs. Specific sign of fluoride intoxication is a lesion of the musculoskeletal system. The information available in the literature on the systemic manifestations of these diseases is not numerous. In this regard, it is relevant to study the early morphological changes, the timing of their occurrence and the features of development, depending on the specificity of the production factor.

The study aims to experimentally identify the specificity of the development of morphological changes in organs and tissues under prolonged exposure to harmful production factors: coal–rock dust and sodium fluoride.

Materials and methods. The authors conducted studies on adult white male laboratory rats. Scientists studied the features of the development of morphological changes in the bronchopulmonary system, heart, liver and kidneys in the dynamics of the impact of production factors on experimental models of anthracosilicosis and chronic fluoride intoxication. For histological examination, specialists carried out organ sampling in animals after 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 weeks of the experiment.

Results. Chronic exposure to coal-rock dust, as well as sodium fluoride, leads to the development of compensatory and adaptive changes in the internal organs in the early stages of the experiment before the formation of degenerative and fibroplastic disorders of the stromal and parenchymal components in the later stages. Inhalation of coal-rock dust creates in experimental animals by an early breakdown of the adaptive mechanisms of the respiratory system and heart muscle. There is a formation from the 6th week of the experiment of pneumosclerosis with the spread to the air-conducting structures, atrophy of the bronchial mucosa, degenerative changes in cardiomyocytes. Despite the early formation of stroma fibrosis, reparative processes restrain dystrophic cell changes in the liver and kidneys. All this develops by the 9^th week of the experiment.

The accumulation of sodium fluoride leads to the early formation of pronounced protein dystrophy of the liver and kidney parenchyma with the development of necrotic changes by the 6–9 weeks of the experiment. Disorders in the bronchopulmonary system before the 9th week of exposure are of the nature of immune inflammation with the subsequent development of degenerative changes in the air-conducting structures. The heart has moderate dystrophy throughout the experiment. Regardless of the influencing factor, changes in the vessels of the studied organs at the initial stages of the experiment lead to hypertrophy of smooth muscle cells of the media and intima, followed by the development of endotheliosis and hyalinosis.

Limitations. The results of the histological examination are descriptive of pathomorphological changes in the bronchopulmonary system, heart muscle, liver and kidneys. We did not conduct a morphometry of various structures of the studied organs has not been carried out with subsequent statistical processing of the results obtained. In this regard, when studying the specifics of the development of morphological changes depending on the influencing harmful production factor, the compared indicators were the first morphological changes and the timing of their formation.

Conclusions. The obtained results have theoretical and practical significance for the development of recommendations for timely preventive and organ-specific therapeutic measures in the premorbid period of the development of occupational diseases.

Ethics. The researchers conducted maintenance, feeding and removal of animals from the experiment in accordance with the requirements of the Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation "On approval of the Rules of Good Laboratory Practice" (No. 199n of 01.04.2016), as well as the Guide for the Maintenance and Use of Laboratory Animals (Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, 1996). Scientists received permission from the Bioethical Committee of the Research Institute of Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases to conduct the study.

Contribution:
Bugaeva M.S. — the concept and design of the study, data collection and processing, writing the text, editing;
Bondarev O.I. — data collection and processing;
Gorokhova L.G. — the concept and design of the study;
Kizichenko N.V. — data collection and processing;
Zhdanova N.N. — collection of literary data.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 26.04.2022 / Accepted: 13.05.2022 / Published: 25.06.2022

Introduction. In the structure of the morbidity of workers in the aluminum industry the leading place are occupied by bone and joint pathology and disorders of mineral metabolism, caused by prolonged exposure to toxic fluoride compounds. The study of the molecular genetic basis for the development of changes in bone metabolism and concomitant pathology of the kidneys in chronic occupational intoxication with fluorine compounds will make it possible to establish an associative relationship between the polymorphism of certain genes and the likelihood of developing these diseases.

The aim of the study was to determine the significance of detecting BsmI VDR polymorphism as a predictor of osteoporosis associated with chronic kidney disease in workers of the main professions of aluminum production on the basis of clinical and genetic analysis.

Materials and methods. Based on molecular-genetic and clinical methods, a comprehensive study of the prevalence of fluorine osteopathy was carried out with the determination of bone density parameters in 217 workers in the main professions of aluminum smelting under conditions of chronic exposure to high doses of fluorine on the body and in the comparison group (57 individuals) without occupational pathology.

Results. When examining workers, it was established that the frequency of registration of BsmI VDR polymorphism genotypes corresponded to the Hardy-Weinberg law. It was determined that the GG VDR genotype is a predictor of osteoporosis (p=0,0034), and carriers of the AA genotype are resistant to its development (p=0,0001). An associative relationship of the heterozygous AG VDR genotype with the development of chronic occupational intoxication with fluorine compounds was revealed (p=0,0232). It has been shown that osteoporosis associated with chronic kidney disease is associated with the G allele of the GG VDR genotype.

Conclusions. In the structure of professional pathology of metallurgists employed in the production of aluminum, against the background of hyperplastic changes in bone tissue due to an increase in its mass, there is a significant decrease in mineral density (p=0,0047). The allelic specificity of the VDR gene associated with the development of toxic osteopathies was revealed. The GG genotype is associated with the development of osteoporosis. A high degree of association of the AG genotype (p=0,0232) with fluoride intoxication was shown. Osteoporosis associated with chronic kidney disease is associated with the GG VDR genotype and the G allele of the 283 A>G (BsmI) VDR polymorphism, which determines progressive disorders of mineral metabolism and aggravates the course of fluorosis in workers.

Ethics. The examination of aluminum production workers was carried out in the hospital of the Research Institute for Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases in strict accordance with the ethical principles of conducting scientific and medical research with human participants, developed on the basis of the Helsinki Declaration by the World Medical Association "Ethical principles of conducting scientific medical research with human participants" with amendments of 2013, "Rules of Clinical Practice in the Russian Federation" approved by the Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 266 dated 06/19/2003. The collection of clinical history data was carried out during an oral questionnaire face to face with a written informed consent to participate in the study and analysis of medical histories according to 025/u-87 form.

Contribution:
Yadykina T.K. — concept and design of research, collection of material, conducting genetic research, statistical processing, writing text;
Mikhailova N.N. — editing;
Semenova E.A. — collecting material;
Zhukova A.G. — conducting genetic research;
Panev N.I. — collection of material.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 20.12.2021 / Accepted: 19.05.2022 / Published: 25.06.2022

Introduction. An important role in the mechanisms of regulation of the cardiovascular system is played by atrial natriuretic peptide, ANP, which is synthesized by the atria of the heart in response to physiological or pathogenetic stimuli. The polymorphism of the hANP (rs5065) gene has been studied in people with cardiovascular diseases, however, its contribution to the mechanisms of development of occupational and industrially caused pathology needs to be studied, since the complex impact of unfavorable factors of the production environment leads to the risk of developing combined pathology of the bronchopulmonary and cardiovascular systems in coal miners.

The purpose was to study the association of hANP (rs5065) gene polymorphism with dust lung pathology and accompanying structural and functional changes in the myocardium among Kuzbass miners.

Materials and methods. For genetic research, venous blood was taken from 179 Kuzbass miners. The main group consisted of 114 miners of the main professions with a previously proven diagnosis of "dust lung pathology", the comparison group included 65 individuals without a proven diagnosis working in similar sanitary and hygienic conditions. Isolation of genomic DNA from blood cells was carried out by phenol-chloroform extraction method followed by precipitation with ethanol. The polymorphic variant of the hANP (rs5065) gene was analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. All workers underwent transthoracic echocardiography with the determination of structural and functional parameters of the left ventricle of the heart.

Results. The chance of detecting the homozygous A/A genotype of the hANP gene in miners with dust pathology is 2.5 times higher than in the comparison group (χ² — 7.190; р<0.008; OR — 2.453, CI 95% 1.262–4.768). The G/G genotype of the hANP gene is protective against the development of bronchopulmonary pathology in coal miners. In the miners with long-term work experience, a relationship between the presence of dust lung pathology and the development of diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle of types 1 and 2 (χ² — 9.922; p=0.002; OR — 5.117, CI 95% 1.842–14.218) was found. The heterozygous mutant A/G genotype of the hANP (rs5065) gene is a risk factor for the development of diastolic dysfunction of types 1 and 2 in underground workers of main professions (χ² — 4.442; p=0.0036; OR — 2.433, CI 95% 1.057–5.879).

Limitations. The study was limited to the number of miners who underwent periodic medical examinations and were hospitalized at the Research Institute for Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases.

Conclusion. The polymorphism of the hANP (rs5065) gene is associated with the development of occupational lung pathology and accompanying structural and functional changes in the myocardium among miners of the South of Kuzbass.

Ethics. The examination of the patients corresponded to the ethical standards of the Bioethical Committee of the Research Institute for Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases developed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association "Ethical Principles of Conducting Scientific Medical Research with Human Participation" (2000), as amended in 2013 and the "Rules of Clinical Practice in the Russian Federation" approved by Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 266 dated 19.06.2003. All patients signed an informed consent before the examination.

Contribution:
Zhukova A.G. — concept and design of the study, writing text, editing;
Kazitskaya A.S. — collection and processing of material, conducting genetic research, statistical processing, editing;
Yadykina T.K. — conducting genetic research;
Korotenko O.Yu. — collection and processing of material, editing;
Gulyaeva O.N. — conducting genetic research, statistical processing.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 25.05.2022 / Accepted: 25.05.2022 / Published: 25.06.2022

Currently, there is an increase in the number of elderly residents in the world community. The researchers note the progressive aging of the working population long with the existing unfavorable demographic trends and a number of socio-economic changes. Thus, many countries have made a push to increase the level of employment among people of the "third age". In addition, many states have raised the official retirement age for both men and women. However, economic measures, primarily raising the official retirement age, will be successful only if employees are able to perform labor functions productively and maintain their physical and mental health at the stage before retirement. The analytical review presents an analysis of modern foreign and domestic literature, where scientists publish works devoted to the study of the degree of influence of health indicators on the labor activity of working elderly people. Scientists have identified the main factors affecting the performance of an elderly person with the help of studies conducted in different countries. At the same time, the elderly have an increase in acute and(or) chronic diseases, which adversely affects their level of performance. Whereas physical and social activity significantly contributes to reducing the incidence of persons of the "third age".

Contribution:
Anishchenko E.B. — сoncept and design of the study, data collection and processing, text writing, editing;
Trankovskaya L.V. — сoncept and design of the study, editing;
Vazhenina A.A. — text writing;
Tarasenko G.A. — data collection and processing.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 28.05.2022 / Accepted: 14.04.2022 / Published: 25.06.2022

The researchers have analyzed the data available in domestic and foreign literature sources on the modern representation and the role of molecular biological features of the body in the development of professional sensorineural hearing loss is carried out. Genetically determined sensorineural hearing loss occurs twice as often in developed countries as in underdeveloped ones. Hearing impairment affects up to 30% of the global community, and 70 million people are deaf. Modern scientists devote their research to the study of the contribution of genetic factors in the formation of phenotypic features of the development and course of a number of occupational diseases. The analysis of genetic markers associations with occupational diseases makes it possible to identify groups of people with an increased risk of developing certain diseases among workers and to develop timely preventive measures. The results of the literature analysis made it possible to systematize the data on the study of the influence of molecular biological characteristics of the body on the formation of sensorineural hearing loss. The researchers presented the data on the studied candidate genes of predisposition to noise-induced sensorineural hearing loss. An in-depth analysis of the results of recent studies shows that the main targets in the analysis of genetic factors of predisposition to professional sensorineural hearing loss are genes encoding proteins of the systems of activation and regulation of the heat shock factor, neutralization of reactive oxygen species and transmission of signals of the immune system.

Ethics. The authors have conducted the study in compliance with the ethical principles of conducting medical research with the participation of a person as a subject; personal responsibility of the authors for the conclusions and results obtained in the study; confidentiality, non-proliferation of information; scientific validity of the research methods and techniques used; objectivity in the interpretation of results, conclusions; professional competence (self-respect and self-restraint).

Contribution:
Funtikova I.S. — concept and design of the study, collecting material for research, writing the text of the manuscript;
Smirnova E.L. — concept and design of the study, review of publications on the topic of the article, editing the text of the manuscript;
Poteryaeva E.L. — concept and design of the study, editing the text of the manuscript;
Maksimov V.N. — concept and design of the study, editing the text of the manuscript.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 28.01.2022 / Accepted: 18.05.2022 / Published: 25.06.2022

Endothelial dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Genetic predisposition, metabolic disorders and other effects, including occupational hazards, can lead to the formation of endothelial dysfunction.
The study aims to assess the role of polymorphisms of candidate genes of endothelial dysfunction and metabolic disorders in the development of cardiovascular diseases in persons with occupational pathology. Scientists have found that the carriage of certain alleles of polymorphisms G894T of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene, Lys198Asp and G8002A of endothelin-1, Met235Thr and Thr174Met of the angiotensinogen gene, –2548G/A, 19G/A and G2453A of leptin, 668A/G and Gln223Arg of the leptin receptor, determining the structure of proteins-markers of endothelial dysfunction and metabolic syndrome, as well as some production factors (exposure to vibration, exposure to vinyl chloride, mercury, fluorine and aluminum compounds), all these are in close connection with the development of cardiovascular diseases in persons with occupational pathology.

Funding. The research was carried out within the Framework of the dissertation work.

Conflict of interests. The author declares no conflict of interests.

Received: 18.03.2022 / Accepted: 15.05.2022 / Published: 25.06.2022

A well-studied effect of irradiation is a lesion of the hematopoietic system, manifested by cytopenic changes in peripheral blood of varying severity. A decrease in the concentration of blood cells in those working under these conditions has always been a reason for conducting an in-depth examination in order to exclude radiation genesis and identify the true cause of these changes. However, in the current Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated 28.01.2021 No. 29n, among the contraindications for working under irradiation, there are no leukocytopenia and thrombocytopenia, as well as other conditions, the development of which is possible due to exposure to the radiation factor.

The study aims to assess the prevalence of cytopenia in employees of one of the enterprises subordinate to the FMBA of Russia exposed to radiation at the workplace, and the sufficiency of the requirements of clause 4.1 (ionizing radiation, radioactive substances) of Order No. 29n regarding the preservation of health and the detection of diseases/conditions that prevent the continuation of work in these conditions.

Scientists have conducted the analysis of the results of periodic medical examinations of 54 employees who have been in contact with ionizing radiation sources in the workplace for 6 years. We used methods of variational statistics for the analysis.

Among 54 workers exposed to radiation at the maximum permissible doses, 21.5% had mild to moderate cytopenia (leuko-, lympho-, granulocytopenia and anemia). Scientists have repeatedly identified these conditions in 12.1%, these conditions. In 1.4%, granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia were combined with proteinuria detected once in 2020. We have observed throughout all 6 years of follow-up proteinuria without combination with cytopenia in 3 workers. During 6 years of observation the authors have repeatedly observed cytopenia in 13% of workers. 

The analysis revealed objective difficulties that have arisen recently in connection with the entry into force of the order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 29n. The absence of such contraindications to work as leukocytopenia and thrombocytopenia in paragraph 4.1, regulating the conduct of medical examinations in workers under irradiation, allows people with signs of possible damage to the hematopoietic system to continue working without the necessary examination and search for the cause of cytopenia. It is necessary to restore in clause 4.1 of the current order such contraindications to work as leukopenia <4.0×10⁹/l, thrombocytopenia <180.00×10⁹/l.

Limitations. The study is limited by a contingent of employees of a nuclear industry enterprise who received a dose of external radiation and contamination with radionuclides within acceptable limits. Experts study the sufficiency of the requirements of the current Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 29n to identify signs of damage to the ionizing radiation of the hematopoietic system.

Ethics. The authors have conducted the study in compliance with the requirements of the Ethics Committee of the A.I. Burnazyan Federal State Budgetary Research Center of the FMBA of Russia, Protocol No. 68 of March 18, 2022.

Contribution:
Galstyan I.A., Bushmanov A.Yu. — concept and design of the study;
Galstyan I.A., Parinov O.V., Metlyaev E.G., Konchalovsky M.V. — data collection and processing;
Galstyan I.A., Lyaginskaya A.M., Kretov A.S., Vlasova I.V. — writing the text;
Torubarov F.S., Metlyaeva N.A., Yunanova L.A. — editing.

Funding. The study was conducted under Contract No. 11/13917D dated 01.10.2020.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 07.04.2022 / Accepted: 17.05.2022 / Published: 25.06.2022

The course developed by the UN General Assembly to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals in the context of the introduction of new technologies, automation and robotization of production naturally determines the transformation of the approach to the legal regulation of labor protection. At the same time, the established practice of applying labor legislation and statistical data have revealed a number of problems of inefficient interaction between employees and employers on issues of ensuring safe working conditions. 

The article aims to analyze the current legislation in the field of labor protection from the perspective of the triune essence of labor relations. We have paid special attention to the influence of a combination of biological phenomena, psychological factors and social events on the development of occupational diseases and injuries, ignoring which significantly levels the effectiveness of current requirements and rules in the field of occupational safety.

Empirical research consists of several stages. At the first stage the authors have carried out a selection of norms that are novelties in the field of legal regulation of labor protection. Within the framework of the second stage, using systematic, formal-legal and comparative-legal methods, researchers have analyzed these norms from the point of view of the triune essence of the labor legal relationship. Subject of the study is the rights and obligations of employers in the field of labor protection enshrined in legislation and necessary to ensure safe working conditions. At the third stage, we have identified psychological factors and social phenomena that accompany an employee during his life, and not only during working hours. At the last stage, using systematic, formal-legal and comparative-legal methods, experts have analyzed the influence of the combination of these factors and phenomena on the receipt of occupational diseases and injuries by employees.

The results of the study show that the current legislation does not take into account that psychological factors and social events can act in a causal relationship with the development of occupational diseases in workers and their occupational injuries. At the same time, there are no legal obstacles for the employer to take into account these determinants when regulating the sphere of labor protection at the local level. Improving professional skills and knowledge in the field of occupational safety, occupational safety culture, the level of accessibility to information about their rights, including in the field of occupational safety, taking into account the social and structural characteristics of conditions mediating the life of workers — all this will increase the effectiveness of legal regulation of the field of occupational safety at the local level.

The study concludes that the most important issues remain unaddressed, among which are the creation of a psychologically comfortable working atmosphere, the prevention of professional burnout of employees, the possibility of recognizing professional burnout as an occupational disease with all the consequences that follow from this. In addition, the authors came to the conclusion that, in order to implement the protection of personal data of employees, a more detailed regulation at the legislative level of the process of monitoring by the employer of the labor activity of employees.

Ethics. This study did not require the conclusion of the Ethics Committee.

Contribution: 
Golovina S.Yu. — discussion.
Shcherbakova O.V. — summary, introduction, conclusions.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 05.05.2022 / Accepted: 25.05.2022 / Published: 25.06.2022

The problem of incidence rate among workers of the main professions of the coal mining industry is traditionally considered from the perspective of occupational pathologies. At the same time, the issues of the spread of production-related somatic diseases among this category of the employable population are undeservedly left without due attention.

The objective of the study was assessing the frequency of somatic pathology occurrence in workers of coal pits in the South of Kuzbass.

489 workers of the main professions of coal pits in the South of the Kemerovo region were examined (men aged 22 to 55 years, who were randomized into 2 groups according to the level of exposure to a complex of unfavorable factors of the production environment). The first group with a higher level of exposure to harmful and hazardous production factors of class 3.3 and 3.4 included 196 people: machinists of mining and technological equipment, machinists of drilling rigs, explosives; the second group with the level of danger and harmfulness of class 3.1 and 3.2 consisted of 293 workers, namely, drivers of technological motor vehicles. The study of the frequency of somatic pathology was carried out depending on the length of work experience and the age of the subjects. Each group was divided into subgroups: by the age and work experience. 

In group 1, somatic pathologies were detected in 52.0% of the cases, in group 2 — in 44.4% (χ²=2.772, p=0.096). In the structure of somatic diseases in the group with a higher class of danger and harmfulness, diseases of the circulatory system (38.24%), diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (12.75%) and diseases of the nervous system (8.82%) prevailed; in the group with a lower hazard class there were also diseases of the circulatory system (33.85%), diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (14.62%), diseases of the nervous system (12.31%). The frequency of somatic diseases is recorded in a direct linear relationship with the work experience and age of coal pit workers.

Limitations. This study is limited to a sample of workers in the main professions of coal pits undergoing periodic medical examinations at the Research Institute for Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases.

Conclusion. In the structure of somatic diseases of workers of the main professions of coal pits in the South of Kuzbass, three nosological forms occupy a leading position: diseases of the circulatory system, diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue, and the nervous system. Among the surveyed workers employed in coal pits with a higher level of exposure to harmful and hazardous production factors, a 100% incidence of somatic diseases was revealed among the respondents aged more than 41 years and with work experience over 21 years. These data should be taken into account when carrying out periodic medical examinations, preventive medical examinations, for the development and implementation of therapeutic and prophylactic measures and post-shift rehabilitation programs.

Ethics. The study was conducted in compliance with the standards of the Bioethical Committee of the Research Institute for Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, established in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of the World Association "Ethical Principles for Conducting Human Scientific Medical Research" as amended in 2013 and the "Rules of Clinical Practice in the Russian Federation", approved by the Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 266 of 19.06.2003. All subjects signed an informed consent to participate in the study.

Contribution:
Ulanova E.V. — concept and design of the study, collection of literature data, writing the text;
Blazhina O.N. — collection and processing of material;
Filimonov E.S. — collection and processing of material, writing the text;
Korotenko O.Yu. — editing.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 25.04.2022 / Accepted: 26.05.2022 / Published: 25.06.2022