Introduction. The activities of a number of industrial enterprises in various regions of the Russian Federation are the cause of contamination of soil, water resources, and air with a multicomponent mixture of chemicals, which in turn negatively affects the health of citizens and dictates the need to find ways to increase the body's resistance to their harmful effects.

The study aims to develop and experimentally test a bioprophylactic complex on laboratory animals aimed at increasing the body's resistance to the harmful combined effects of lead, mercury, fluorine, arsenic and benzo(a)pyrene.

Materials and methods. The researchers used 60 outbred white female rats of early age in the experiment. The irradiation was performed using intraperitoneal injections of a solution containing mercury, fluorine, arsenic and lead in a ratio of 1:450:70:450, 3 times a week for 6 weeks. Benzo(a)pyrene was sorbed for alumina and was injected into animals intratracheal once on the first day of the experiment at a dose of 10 mg in 1 ml of isotonic 0.9% sodium chloride solution.

Results. The authors experimentally have demonstrated the effectiveness of the developed bioprophylactic complex (BPC) aimed at reducing the toxic effects of a combination of lead, mercury, fluorine, arsenic and benzo(a)pyrene. Many functional and morphological signs of intoxication were significantly weakened by taking a complex of bioprotectors against the background of exposure.

Limitations. A limited number of studied indicators were selected based on the set goal and the expediency of using methods to assess the toxicity of the studied substances and the effectiveness of BPC. The authors have conducted a study using laboratory animals of the same sex and age, which does not allow assessing the toxicity of the studied combination of substances and the effect of biological prevention, taking into account gender and age differences. The authors were also limited in the widespread use of research methods in the framework of the experiment.

Conclusion. The experimental results indicate an increase in the elimination of the studied harmful substances from the body under the action of bioprotectors. However, the assessment of the effectiveness of biological prevention measures for the combined toxic effects of harmful substances requires further study.

Ethics. The experiment was approved by the local Bioethics Commission of the Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers (Protocol No. 55A of 2014).

Contributions:
Sutunkova M.P. — collecting material and data processing, editing the article, writing the text;
Nikogosyan K.M. — writing, editing;
Minigalieva I.A. — concept and design of the study;
All co-authors — approving the final version of the article and ensuring the integrity of all parts of the article.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received: 13.03.2026 / Accepted: 24.03.2026 / Published: 25.04.2026

Introduction. Toxic acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by pulmonary toxicants represents one of the most severe forms of respiratory injury and is characterized by progressive damage to the alveolar-capillary membrane, impaired gas exchange, and the development of the toxic pulmonary edema (PE). The development of experimental models that adequately reproduce the pathogenetic mechanisms of this process is a necessary condition for preclinical evaluation of new pharmacological and respiratory therapies.

The aim of the study is to substantiate the possibility of using instillation models as an alternative to inhalation models in the study of new methods of drug and respiratory therapy for toxic PE in small laboratory animals.

Materials and methods. The study was performed on adult male Wistar rats. Toxic lung injury was induced by inhalation of chlorine gas (Cl₂) at a concentration of 35 mg/l for 15 minutes and by intratracheal instillation of 0.2M hydrochloric acid (HCl) at a dose of 2.0 ml/kg. After exposure, animals were transferred to mechanical ventilation. Clinical signs, oxygen saturation (SpO₂), heart rate (HR), survival time, development of the alveolar stage of pulmonary edema, and necropsy findings were assessed.

Results. It was shown that both inhalation of chlorine gas and intratracheal instillation of HCl solution lead to the formation of a reproducible experimental model of toxic PE. In both models, marked hypoxemia was observed with a decrease in SpO₂ below 80% on average 25–30 minutes after the start of the experiment, tachycardia up to 280–309 beats/min, development of clinical signs of the alveolar stage of toxic pulmonary edema, and a lethal outcome. The mean overall survival time was 30.6±3.3 minutes in the instillation model and 41.6±3.0 minutes in the inhalation model; survival time in the alveolar stage was 12.5±1.1 and 13.5±4.5 minutes, respectively. Necropsy in all cases revealed a large amount of edematous fluid in the trachea and bronchi, pulmonary congestion, and absence of aerated lung areas.

Limitations. The study was conducted on a limited number of animals of a single species (Wistar rats), which may limit the extrapolation of the obtained results to other species and to humans. In addition, the modeling was performed under conditions of acute toxicant exposure and did not account for possible long-term effects. It should also be noted that the instillation route of administration does not fully reproduce the physiological features of inhalation exposure to the toxicant.

Conclusions. The developed inhalation and instillation models of toxic pulmonary edema, reproducing a severe form of toxic acute respiratory distress syndrome in Wistar rats, are pathogenetically substantiated, comparable in their main characteristics, and can be considered complementary approaches for experimental modeling of lung injury caused by pulmonary toxicants, with potential application in the preclinical evaluation of drug efficacy and respiratory therapy methods, as well as in the study of the pathogenesis of these conditions.

Ethics. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The Clinical Study Protocol was reviewed at a meeting of the local Ethics Committee of Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health. Protocol No.4 of May 25, 2022.

Contribution:
Bonitenko E.Yu. — concept and design of the study, writing text, editing;
Isabekov N.R. — data collection and processing, text writing;
Tonshin A.A. — study design, development of an experimental sample of a liquid artificial lung ventilation device, text writing;
Blintsova N.V. — data collection and processing;
Krikunov O.V. — data collection and processing;
Gerasimidi S.K. — data collection and processing;
Tkachuk Y.V.— data collection and processing.

Funding. The work was performed within the framework of the state assignment, the subject code FGFE-2024-0003.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 10.03.2026 / Accepted: 13.04.2026 / Published: 25.04.2026

Introduction. Currently recommended methods of treatment of pneumoconiosis in the Russian Federation are mainly symptomatic. While approaches aimed at eliminating the cause of the disease, such as removing dust particles from the lungs, are practically not used in domestic clinical practice. It is believed that dust particles from the lungs can be removed using bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), including total. However, despite the widespread use of the latter abroad in the treatment of pneumoconiosis, the effectiveness of removing dust particles from the lungs with its help remains questionable. This is due to the fact that the data available in the literature on the mass of quartz dust extracted from the lungs of patients with silicosis by the BAL method do not take into account its initial content in the respiratory tract. Since it is necessary to standardize lung dusting in workers in order to conduct such an assessment, it is not possible to do this in the framework of clinical trials. In this regard, it seems reasonable to conduct experimental studies to study the effectiveness of BAL as a method of removing aerosol particles of predominantly fibrogenic action from the lungs.

The study aims to quantify the effectiveness of removing aerosol particles of predominantly fibrogenic action from the lungs by bronchoalveolar lavage.

Materials and methods. The authors performed studies on white male Wistar rats weighing 250-300 g. Pneumoconiosis was modeled using intratracheal (i/t) injection of a suspension (fractions 1–5 microns) of quartz dust at a dose of 50 mg in 1 ml of 0.9% NaCl solution. After that, the experts have randomized the animals by body weight into three groups (six individuals each). In Group 1, a single BAL with large (10ml) volumes of lavage solution was performed immediately after the quartz dust administration, after which the animals were euthanized. In Group 2, a single BAL with large volumes of 0.9% NaCl solution was performed on the 28th day after quartz dust instillation, after which the animals were sacrificed. In turn, in Group 3, three BAL with small (3.3 ml) volumes was performed on the 7th, 14th, and 28th days, after which the animals were euthanized. The lavage fluid (LF) isolated from the animal was collected by scientists in a test tube to determine the total amount of quartz dust. Regardless of the BAL method used, the total volume of lavage fluid was fixed at ~10 ml. The scientists determined the amount of quartz dust in the lavage fluid and lungs using the gravimetric method. They analyzed the composition of the lavage fluid using light microscopy.

Results. When studying the quartz dust content, it was found that in Group 1 it was the highest in comparison with other groups, both in the lungs and in the LF. At the same time, the sum of the quartz dust masses in the lungs and LF was equal to the mass of dust initially injected into the animal (50 mg). After the BAL, 84% of quartz dust remained in the lungs.

In turn, Group 2 had lower amounts of quartz dust in the lungs and LF compared to Group 1.

It was also noteworthy that the sum of the masses of quartz dust in the lungs and lavage fluid was significantly (p<0.05) lower than the mass injected intratracheal. After the BAL, 79% of quartz dust remained in the lungs.

In Group 3, the amount of quartz dust in the lungs and lavage fluid was the lowest, as well as the amount of mass, which was significantly (p<0.05) lower than in the other groups. In addition, in this group, the difference in the mass of quartz dust injected intratracheally and the amount of its content in the lungs and LF was the greatest. After the BAL, 75% of quartz dust remained in the lungs. Microscopic examination of LF samples showed that if the BAL was performed immediately after instillation, quartz dust particles were detected exclusively outside the cells, while at a later date they were detected exclusively inside the alveolar macrophages.

Conclusion. BAL is an effective way to remove quartz dust particles from the lungs not only immediately after it enters the respiratory tract, but also later in the development of pneumoconiosis. Moreover, if free quartz dust particles are removed from the LF in the early stages, then at a later date they are exclusively phagocytized by macrophages. BAL can stimulate the process of lung self-purification by moving macrophages into the airway sections lined with ciliated epithelium and stimulating mucociliary transport.

Ethics. The experimental study was conducted in compliance with the necessary regulations (Helsinki Declaration of 2013, GOST 33044-2014 "Principles of good laboratory practice"; Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 188n dated 04/01/2016 "Rules of good laboratory practice"). The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health (Minutes of meeting No. 1 dated 01/23/2025).

Contributions:
Tonshin A.A. — research concept and design, conducting experiments, collecting and processing experimental data, preparing literature data, writing text;
Makarov A.F. — conducting experiments, preparing literature data, writing text;
Krikunov O.V. — conducting experiments, writing text;
Muravskaya M.P. — conducting experiments, writing a text;
Tkachuk Yu.V. — conducting experiments;|
Nikolaev I.M. — conducting experiments, preparation of literature data;
Bonitenko E.Yu. — concept and design of research, editing.

Funding. The study was carried out within the Framework of research and development No. FGFE-2025-0023 state assignment.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received: 05.03.2026 / Accepted: 23.03.2026 / Published: 25.04.2026

Introduction. The introduction of digital technologies and computerization of workplaces in all spheres of activity leads to an increasing intensification of work and the prevalence of the impact of a complex of psychophysiological factors on employees, which leads to increased risks of fatigue, the development of work-related diseases (hypertension, psychosomatic disorders), occupational stress and occupational injuries.

The study aims to identify the prevalence of psychophysiological factors and their influence on the appearance of signs of fatigue and deterioration of health in workers engaged in the field of digital technologies.

Materials and methods. The authors have conducted online survey of employees of three professional groups — "programmers", "operators" and "librarians", differing in the level of work intensity (a total of 1,190 respondents). The main focus group was programmers. To compare professional groups with each other, the method of cumulative scoring of respondents' answers to each of the questions was used. The researchers have analyzed the results of a special assessment of working conditions according to the Federal State Social Insurance Service at enterprises of the Russian Federation, as well as data from SAWC cards at computerized workplaces posted on the official websites of IT industry organizations. The researchers analyzed 18 summary reports (7568 employees, of which 4267 were IT specialists). Statistical processing included calculations of averages, errors of averages, tests, comparisons of frequencies of quantitative and categorical indicators, Fisher's exact test, chi-square criterion, Spearman correlation coefficient, assessment of relative risk (RR) and etiological proportion (EF, %).

Results. An analysis of the survey data showed that work intensity (WI) (mental and intellectual stress) is the leading factor in the working conditions of programmers — 29.0% of respondents noted the presence of work tension, noise was noted by 24.7% of respondents, elevated air temperature — 16.9%, insufficient illumination — 12.6%. In the work of operators, the assessment of the presence of a labor stress factor (nervous and emotional stress) was 2.5 times higher — 71.4%, while noise was the leading factor — 82.4%. Librarians' work intensity is also in 2^nd place — 20.8% — after the "dustiness" factor — 36.4%. According to the criteria of the total labor intensity score, operators are in the first place (830.2 points), programmers are in the second (530.3 points), librarians are in the third (482.6 points). The frequency of the severity factor was highest in the work of operators — 17.6%, in the other two groups — 7–8 times lower.

However, when assessing signs of psychological and physical well-being, programmers had the worst indicators. The prevalence of the indicators "decreased ability to concentrate" was 45.5%, 37.4% and 34.1% (p<0.05), "slow reaction speed" — 29.4%, 29.1% and 17.4% among programmers, operators and librarians, respectively. The total score for all these criteria was: programmers — 422.8 points, operators — 325.8 points, librarians — 294.9 points.

Significant correlation coefficients (rs) have been established between all signs of psychological and physical well-being disorders and labor intensity indicators (from 0.43 to 0.67 in the three groups), which indicates a significant contribution of labor intensity to the studied indicators in the group of programmers.

Limitations. The study had certain limitations due to the specifics of the survey based on the subjective opinion of the respondents.

Conclusion. The results obtained indicate a more pronounced deterioration in cognitive functions by the end of the work shift, as well as a higher incidence of signs of chronic fatigue and health problems among programmers, relative to the comparison groups. The features of cognitive impairment and chronic fatigue among programmers, the frequency of which in the course of the study was 51.1%, fit into the picture of "digital fatigue", a syndrome that WHO called a "professional phenomenon" in the modern world, most characteristic of IT workers. This requires improving hygienic approaches to assessing intellectual workloads, including for programmers, which are currently not legally fixed, and therefore the level of work intensity in the workplace is underestimated.

Ethics. The study did not require the conclusion of the Ethics Committee, all data were presented in a depersonalized form.

Contributions:
Zibarev E.V. — concept, design and methodology of research, questionnaire development, editing;
Kravchenko O.K. — data processing, questionnaire development, text writing;
Mazhkenov S.A. — research concept and design, questionnaire development, data collection, text writing;
Nikonova S.M. — data processing, questionnaire development, text writing;
Mukhin K.S. — research concept and design, data collection, editing.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Received: 09.02.2026 / Accepted: 16.02.2026 / Published: 25.04.2026

Introduction. In the modern world, unmanned aerial vehicles are widely used in both the civilian and military sectors. In the context of the growing demand for qualified specialists-operators of unmanned aerial vehicles, conducting a comprehensive hygienic assessment of the conditions of their professional activity is of particular relevance.

An important aspect of this assessment is the physiological and hygienic analysis of the working posture of operators when performing their professional activities.

The study aims to present a physiological and hygienic assessment of the working position of UAV operators based on a photogoniometric analysis and survey results for further development of preventive measures.

Materials and methods. To analyze the working position, the researchers used a photogoniometric method: photographing in the sagittal and frontal planes with the determination of the coordinates of anatomical landmarks. The scientists calculated the angles of joint flexion and deviation from the vertical. They compared the data obtained with physiologically optimal ranges. The experts assessed subjective complaints using an original questionnaire with four sections of 10 questions each (score from 0 to 5 points). Mathematical and statistical data processing was performed in Microsoft Excel 2010 using the Student's t-test and the Pearson correlation coefficient.

Results. As a result of the assessment of the working position of the operators of unmanned aerial vehicles in the course of their work, scientists have found that the work of this group of specialists has a high proportion of static load and forced working positions, accompanied by functional overstrain of the musculoskeletal system. The authors have identified statistically significant relationships between the parameters of the working position and the severity of subjective complaints, which will further develop and improve measures to preserve and improve the ability to work of the above-mentioned specialists.

Limitations. The study was limited to assessing the working positions of operators of unmanned aerial vehicles when performing professional tasks in a sitting position in stationary conditions. Options for controlling the drone in a standing position, as well as the specifics of working in the field with increased exposure to adverse factors, were not considered, and the authors did not evaluate the complexity. In addition, the influence of personal protective equipment and warm clothing on the parameters of the working position was not taken into account, which may be important when working in the cold season.

Conclusions. The professional activity of UAV operators is characterized by a predominance of static load and forced working positions, accompanied by functional overstrain of the musculoskeletal system. According to the survey data, the authors revealed a high prevalence of fatigue and pain, mainly in the cervical and lumbar spine, which indicates a professionally determined nature of functional disorders. The established correlations between the parameters of the working position and the severity of subjective complaints confirm the impact of an unfavorable workplace organization on the health of operators. The totality of the data obtained makes it possible to classify the working conditions of UAV operators as harmful class 3.1 and justifies the need to implement preventive measures.

Ethics. The study was approved at a meeting of the Independent Ethics Committee at the Kirov Military Medical Academy on 17.12.2024 (Protocol No. 297 dated 17.12.2024). The study was conducted in compliance with Ethical principles and the voluntary consent of the participants.

Contributions:
Safonova S.S. — the concept and design of the study, writing the text, collecting and processing the material;
Bokarev M.A. — research concept and design, text writing, editing;
Grebenkov S.V. — concept and design of research, editing.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received: 13.03.2026 / Accepted: 24.03.2026 / Published: 25.04.2026

Introduction. The profession of a subway driver imposes increased requirements on the physical health and mental state of the employee. Sudden deterioration in the driver's health can cause an emergency situation that poses a threat to the lives of passengers, so regular monitoring of the driver's health and analysis of the structure of their illnesses are of utmost importance.

The aim of the study is to assess the prevalence of chronic diseases among metro train drivers of different ages and lengths of service in the profession against the background of the established healthy worker effect.

Materials and methods. The study on the prevalence of diseases among metro train drivers and comparison group members was based on the results of preliminary and periodic medical examinations conducted at the clinic of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Research Institute of Metrology".

The comparison group consisted of men of various ages who had undergone a preliminary medical examination (no experience) and had no medical contraindications to working as a metro train driver. Therefore, the main and comparison groups consisted of individuals with no contraindications to working as a metro train driver. This allowed us to offset the "healthy worker" effect when comparing the incidence of diseases among metro train drivers and comparison group members and to assess the influence of working conditions on the prevalence of diseases in the metro train driver profession, taking into account length of service.

Results. Age naturally increases the incidence of a number of diseases, observed both among metro train drivers and among those not yet employed as train drivers but who have undergone a preliminary medical examination. The rate of increase in disease prevalence with age reflects the intensity of these changes. Among train drivers, the highest rates of increase from 20–29 years to 40–49 years were observed for circulatory diseases (458.0% versus 381.5% in the comparison group) and obesity (263.8% versus 180.6%). The role of work experience in the formation of morbidity rates among metro train drivers is noted in the age group of 40-49 years: with a work experience of 1–4 years, 10.4±1.6 cases of diseases were identified, with a work experience of 10 years or more — 17.7±0.84 per 100 employees (p<0.05). At the age of 20–29 years, among metro train drivers with work experience, the incidence of obesity significantly increases. The incidence of individuals with a body mass index (BMI) indicating obesity in the group of individuals aged 20–29 years with an increase in work experience from 1–4 years to 5–9 years significantly doubled: from 8.1±0.37 to 16.4±1.57 (p<0.05).

Limitations. Only metro train drivers were examined.

Conclusion. The results obtained indicate the effectiveness of periodic and preliminary medical examinations, but the role of working conditions (stress and physical inactivity) is reflected in the rate of increase in circulatory diseases and obesity.

Ethics. The study was conducted in compliance with the ethical standards for conducting medical research involving humans, in accordance with the requirements of the World Medical Association's Declaration of Helsinki. All the subjects signed a voluntary informed consent to participate in the study. The study was approved by the local ethics committee of the Research Institute of Medical Technology (Minutes of the Ethics Committee of the Research Institute of Medical Technology No. 8 dated November 11, 2020).

Contributions:
Kuzmina L.P. — study concept and design, editing;
Yakovleva T.P. — study concept and design, writing;
Golovkova N.P. — study design, editing;
Leskina L.M. — editing;
Karpushina A.V. — data collection and processing, research.

Funding. The study received no sponsorship.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received: 29.12.2025 / Accepted: 17.03.2026 / Published: 25.04.2026

Introduction. Numerous studies carried out at mineral processing enterprises show that working conditions are accompanied by the impact of a whole range of harmful production factors on workers. Despite the introduction of new technological processes and modern equipment, noise and aerosols of predominantly fibrogenic action remain the leading harmful factors of the production environment in processing plants. In this regard, the prevention of the adverse effects of environmental factors and the labor process on the health of workers remains relevant.

The study aims to assess the impact of harmful industrial factors on the development of chronic diseases in workers of the processing plant in order to improve the quality of medical examinations and increase the detection of chronic pathology.

Materials and methods. The object of the study was employees of a processing plant. The authors have analyzed the results of a special assessment of working conditions and periodic medical examinations. The total number of employees involved in the development amounted to 348 people. The scientists have formed two professional groups: employees of the processing plant and a comparison group (repair and technical personnel). A cross-sectional study was conducted, during which experts analyzed the prevalence of chronic general somatic diseases among employees. The reliability of the results was assessed using the Student's coefficient.

Results. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that the working conditions of employees of the processing plant contribute to: an increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases with an increase in length of service from 59.6±5.2 (sick persons per 100 employees) with an experience of up to 15 years, to 78.3±4.5 with an experience of 15 years or more (p<0.05); a significantly high prevalence among employees chronic diseases of the endocrine system (39.0±3.7 per 100 employees), compared with the comparison group (28.4±3.4 per 100 employees); a significant increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue with an increase in work experience among workers under the age of 40 — from 12.3±4.3 with a length of service of up to 15 years, to 34.8±9.9 with a length of service of 15 years or more (p<0.05); an increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases of the circulatory system among workers with an increase in work experience: with a work experience of up to 15 years — 6.7±2.7, and with a work experience of 15 years or more — 18.1±4.2 (p<0.05).

Limitations. The study was limited to a sample of the surveyed employees of one ore processing enterprise.

Conclusion. The data obtained allow us to talk about the industrial conditionality of diseases of the endocrine system, diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue, and diseases of the circulatory system.

Ethics. All employees of the processing plant have given informed consent to the use of personal data for statistical processing.

Contributions:
Golovkova N.P. — research concept and design, editing, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article, writing the text;
Kuzmina L.P. — research concept and design, editing, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Leskina L.M. — research concept and design, editing, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article, writing the text;
Tolmachev D.A. — research concept and design, editing;
Khokhlova O.V. — research concept, text writing, editing.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received: 15.12.2025 / Accepted: 22.12.2025 / Published: 25.04.2026

The author considers modern concepts of the development of occupational chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OCOPD) as a chronic disease affecting the respiratory tract as a result of exposure to pathogenic particles and gases in an industrial area, and post-covid syndrome (PСS), formed as a result of SARS-CoV-2 infection. He pays special attention to the inflammatory, vascular, and immunometabolic mechanisms that are similar for both pathologies. The basic principles of OCOPD therapy, taking into account post-covid complications, are presented. The author also analyzed the possibilities of drug correction of pulmonary anti-inflammatory fibrosis and endothelial dysfunction. Due to the presence of multiple application points in the treatment of both OCOPD and PСS, the issue of selecting therapy for these groups of patients remains relevant. In order to reduce the clinical manifestations of OCOPD and PCS, as well as improve the quality of life of patients whose professional activities are associated with the inhalation of pathogenic particles and gases, it is possible to use various combinations of drug therapy (the drug "Longidaza"), as well as non-drug treatment methods.

Scientific publications were searched and analyzed in the international and national bibliographic databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and eLibrary.RU for the period from 2000 to 2025. Systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and observational studies on occupational chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and post-covid syndrome were included. The inclusion criteria were full-text peer-reviewed publications with clearly described methodology and clinical outcomes. Duplicate publications, uncensored sources, conference abstracts, and papers with insufficient evidence were excluded.

The study aims to present the results of an analysis of modern research on the etiology, pathogenesis, pathomorphology, diagnosis and therapeutic approaches in occupational chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in conditions of its comorbid course with post-covid syndrome.

Funding. The work was carried out within the Framework of exploratory scientific research (ESR) «Development of approaches to the treatment and medical rehabilitation of patients with comorbid post-covid syndrome and military personnel who suffered during the hostilities» (Reg. no. 123032000011-5).

Conflict of interest. The author declares no conflict of interest.

Received: 12.09.2025 / Accepted: 24.03.2026 / Published: 25.04.2026