Introduction. Various industries widely use chrysotile asbestos, which determines the relevance of research aimed at the prevention of asbestos-related diseases. It is promising to assess the role of specific genes, which products are potentially involved in the development and regulation of certain links in the pathogenesis of asbestosis, forming a genetic predisposition to the disease.

The study aims to analyze the presence of associations of genetic polymorphism of cytokines and antioxidant enzymes with asbestosis development.

Materials and methods. Groups were formed for examination among employees of OJSC "Uralasbest" with an established diagnosis of asbestosis and without lung diseases. For each person included in the study, dust exposure doses were calculated considering the percentage of time spent at the workplace during the shift for the entire work time. Genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms of cytokines IL1b (rs16944), IL4 (rs2243250), IL6 (rs1800795), TNFα (rs1800629) and antioxidant enzymes SOD2 (rs4880), GSTP1 (rs1610011), CAT (rs1001179) was carried out.

Results. The authors revealed the associations of polymorphic variants A511G IL1b gene (OR=2.457, 95% CI=1.232-4.899) and C47T SOD2 gene (OR=1.705, 95% CI=1.055-2.756) with the development of asbestosis. There was an increase in the T allele IL4 gene (C589T) frequency in persons with asbestosis at lower values of dust exposure doses (OR=2.185, 95% CI=1.057-4.514). The study showed the associations of polymorphism C589T IL4 gene and C174G IL6 gene with more severe asbestosis, polymorphism A313G GSTP1 gene with pleural lesions in asbestosis.

Conclusion. Polymorphic variants of the genes of cytokines and antioxidant enzymes, the protein products directly involved in the pathogenetic mechanisms of the formation of asbestosis, contribute to forming a genetic predisposition to the development and severe course of asbestosis. Using the identified genetic markers to identify risk groups for the development and intense period of asbestos-related pathology will optimize treatment and preventive measures, considering the organism's characteristics.

Introduction. Despite the apparent connection of the existing neurological disorders and changes in the psycho-emotional sphere with sleep disorders in patients with chronic mercury intoxication (CRI), these relationships remain the least studied in the clinic neurointoxications.

The study aimed to establish a connection between neurophysiological, biochemical, and psychopathological indicators in patients with occupational chronic mercury intoxication and insomnia.

Materials and methods. Thirty-six patients took part in the examination in the remote period of CRI. The average age of patients in this group was 50.7±1.05 years, with an average work experience of 14.7±1.05. The authors carried out a psychological examination to determine the levels of depression, anxiety, asthenic state, computed electroencephalography (EEG), cognitive evoked potentials (CEP), polysomnography, the level of neurotransmitters.

Results. The study showed that asthenization, when exposed to mercury, occurs due to a decrease in the limbic-hypothalamo-reticular complex activity (the presence of equivalent dipole sources of pathological activity in the area of diencephalic formations (thalamus, hypothalamus) in 56.2±5.6% of cases. The study showed a decrease in activity cerebral cortex, confirmed by weakening the coherent connections of the α-range in the occipital, central and frontal leads according to the data of coherent EEG analysis and changes on the part of the CEP. There was a direct correlation between the level of total sleep time and the serotonin level (rs=0.45), an inverse relationship between the level of depression and histamine level (rs=-0.56).

Conclusion. The studies carried out to make it possible to establish the mechanisms of insomnia disorders in chronic mercury intoxication, which cause a weakening of the tone of the cerebral cortex and changes in neurotransmitter metabolism, as well as disorders of the reticular system with limbic structures. The study showed a close direct relationship between neurophysiological, psychological, and biochemical parameters in implementing insomnia in patients with chronic mercury intoxication.

Introduction. Varicose disease of the lower limbs (VDLL) is an independent disease and is an important medical and social problem due to its widespread and tendency to progress among people of working age and mainly in the female half of the population. Features of professional activity are risks in the form of static loads of a constant nature or weightlifting and other risk factors (for example, genetic predisposition, hormonal imbalance during pregnancy and menopause, obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypercoagulation, treatment with hormonal drugs, irrational nutrition, alcohol abuse, the presence of osteopenia and osteoporosis (OP). A feature of the disease is the presence of concomitant (often combined) pathology of the musculoskeletal system, which is characterized, as a rule, by early manifestation, relatively rapid progression, and complicated course. Radiologically, relatively often revealed pathology of the feet (flat feet, hallux valgus and deformity of the 1st finger) and degenerative-dystopian changes in the spine (osteochondrosis, spondyloarthritis, spondylosis, scoliosis, kyphosis). The most pronounced combined pathology of the musculoskeletal system is observed in patients with active trophic disorders. Considering the comorbidity of the disease, changes in regional hemodynamics and microcirculation in the lower limbs undoubtedly affect the indicators of hemostasis, carbohydrate, lipid and mineral metabolism. Therefore, a significant interest to improve the diagnosis of OP are often present in the form of a clinical syndrome, which is characterized by decrease in bone density, a violation of their micro-and increased fragility, due to the metabolic disorders of bone tissue with a predominance of catabolism over the processes of bone formation and increased risk of fractures. The state of bone mineral saturation, in particular in the female half of the population, depending on the severity of venous insufficiency remains insufficiently studied. Treatment of VDLL and its concomitant OP syndrome is not always a solvable problem, so the optimization of the diagnosis of this disease, especially at the initial stages, as well as in the process of dynamic monitoring and control of the effectiveness of therapeutic and preventive measures remains relevant.

The aim of the study was to study the diagnostic possibilities of using radiometry (radiocomparametry and digital osteodensitometry) for precision assessment of mineral saturation of the spongy structure of the calcaneus in patients at risk for the appearance and development of VDLL.

Materials and methods. As part of the general clinical examination, special comparative X-ray studies of the state of mineral saturation and dimensional characteristics of bone trabeculae of the spongy structure of the calcaneus were performed in 129 women with clinical signs of VDLL, which in accordance with the international classification of CEAP were divided into stages: C1 - 36 people, C2 - 32 people, C3 - 39 people, C4 - 30 people, C5 - 22 people. The comparison group included 119 practically healthy women, comparable to the main group by age, work experience and morbid history. The X-ray diagnostic complex included, in addition to convective (routine) radiography of various parts of the osteoarticular apparatus, performed only according to indications, the following methods: interactive radiography (digital low-dose radiography) of the foot with a calibrated wedge-a standard of density, a posteriori testometric X-ray parametry of bone trabeculae of spongy structures of the calcaneus. Modern equipment was used: digital X-ray diagnostic complexes DR-(GEBrivo), AXIOMLuminas (Siemens), dichromatic osteodensitometer "PRODIGY" (Lunar).

Results. As part of the general clinical examination, X-ray examinations were performed before the implementation of therapeutic measures and after 24 months. Radiometric indicators of mineral saturation and thickness of trabeculae of the spongy structure of the calcaneus showed a direct dependence on age, reaching maximum values in the age category of 25-30 years with a clear tendency to decrease in older age groups. The mineralization parameters relative to the control were initially reduced, revealing variability depending on the severity of the main pathological process (from relatively high at C1 to relatively low at C5). There was also a pattern of increasing levels of mineralization and thickness of bone trabeculae depending on the period of observation (in fact, on the volume of complex therapeutic and preventive measures) in almost all patients, but mainly in groups C4, C5. Subjective symptoms and objective clinical picture of the condition of the examined patients with the presence of VDLL and OP syndrome correlated with the data of osteorentgenometry.

Conclusions. The examined women, whose production activity makes them belong to the risk group for the appearance and development of VDLL, have a opioid structure of the calcaneus. The use in complex clinical and radiological diagnostics of the methodical technique of precision assessment of mineral saturation in (mg/mm²) and thickness of bone trabeculae (mm) makes it possible to objectify the reconstruction of the bone structure at the submacroscopic level of its visualization. Quantitative densitometric indicators of changes in the spongy structure of the calcaneus can be considered as markers of the severity of the condition and the direction of the course of VDLL with concomitant OP. Postprocessing radiometry the calcaneus performed on digital radiographs and the screens of computers using programs "LINS MAKHAON workstation of the DOCTOR" available, not associated with additional radiation exposure and, therefore, can be widely applied both at the stage of primary diagnosis of the health status of the studied patients and in monitoring the effectiveness of remedial measures.

Introduction. There is a lack of knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms that form peripheral nerve disorders in mercury lesions of professional origin.

The study aims to reveal the mechanisms underlying peripheral nerve damage in the long-term post-contact period of chronic mercury intoxication (CMI).

Materials and methods. Fifty-one people had the diagnosis of a long-term period of CMI. The post-contact period was 8.5±2.6 years. The authors compared the results with a control group of 26 healthy men who had no contact with toxic substances. Stimulating electroneuromyography was performed. We studied the body systems that could contribute to the formation of disorders in the peripheral nerves. Changes in peripheral hemodynamics were studied using reovasography. The content of autoantibodies, neuron-specific enolase, serotonin, histamine, catecholamines (epinephrine, dopamine), metanephrine, and neurotrophin-3 was reviewed. The content of ceruloplasmin, secondary products of lipid peroxidation processes, reduced glutathione, the activity of superoxide dismutase and the content of nitric oxide levels were determined.

Results. The study established pathogenetic structural links of peripheral nerve disorders. The autoimmune process's role was to increase the range of antibodies to the MAG protein and increase the level of antibodies to DNA. Violations of elastic-tonic properties of peripheral vessels could be associated with the functional state of motor axons. The increased content of neurotransmitters is related to the state of peripheral blood circulation; the most pronounced changes were on the legs, which could contribute to the occurrence and maintenance of vasoconstriction. The role of oxidative stress in the formation of demyelinating disorders in patients' peripheral nerves in the long-term period of CRI is possible.

Conclusion. Neuroimmunological processes has an essential role in the development of peripheral nerve demyelination was shown, which consists in an increase in the content of antibodies to the MAG protein expressed on Schwann cells of peripheral nerves and in an increase in the level of antibodies to DNA involved in the formation of demyelinating changes when exposed to metallic mercury. The revealed pathological changes in the state of the peripheral blood circulation, characterized by a violation of the vessels' elastic-tonic properties, leading to demyelination of motor axons in patients in the long-term period of CMI. The increased content of neurotransmitters in the examined is of great importance in the state of peripheral circulation. Pronounced changes in blood circulation are established on the lower extremities, which may be associated with the predominance of α-adrenergic receptors in the arterial bed and may contribute to the occurrence and maintenance of vasoconstriction in the legs. The relationship between changes in indicators of oxidative stress, consisting of a decrease in the value of superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione, and the formation of demyelinating disorders of peripheral nerves in patients in the long-term period of CMI has been proved.

Improving professional training and optimizing the work of doctors who provide medical care to patients who come into contact with harmful occupational factors require the approval of a professional standard for the occupational pathology physician.

The purpose of the study was to analyze the opinion of the professional community about the importance of various labor functions and labor actions, priority knowledge and skills of occupational pathologists in the development of a professional standard.

To achieve this goal, an on-line survey of physicians in occupational pathology and occupational medicine was conducted. Analysis of the survey results showed that the significance of professional competencies is evaluated by specialists to varying degrees. Primary focus is on examination of professional suitability and the link between diseases and the profession. However, correlations of competencies of various blocks indicate the importance of all areas of work of a professional pathologist, which should be taken into account when training specialists in this profile.

Globalization and digitalization give rise to a complex of problems of economics, sociology, and occupational health. The prevalence of precarious employment (PE) is growing. In connection with the COVID-19 pandemic and the economic crisis, employment and social well-being have become acute.

The study aims to review literature and essays on PE as a problem of occupational health and a new social determinant of workers' health.

The author has made the analysis of documents from WHO, ILO, European Union, etc., scientific literature and essays on the problem of PE and its impact on somatic (including reproductive) health, mental health, and workers' social well-being. The legal bases of labor and health protection are considered. The informal economy, the terminology of forms of PE, and the ILO Convention No. 175 on part-time work and the Convention No. 177 on home work and the Decent Work Initiative were analyzed. The characteristics and prevalence of PE, examples of forms of work organization, affected groups of the population, and sectors of the economy are considered. Vulnerable groups are women (especially pregnant women), young and elderly workers, migrants, and the most unfavorable situation is in construction, agriculture, catering, tourism, etc., and much better in the public sector. PE and its impact on health are an essential topic in social epidemiology, and affective health problems are almost as severe as unemployment. PE is often associated with poor working conditions, physically demanding work and an increased risk of accidents, with young workers more often affected. The lack of confidence in keeping a job negatively affects mental health - the odds ratio is over 1.5. PE is associated with impaired reproductive behavior and reproductive health and the birth of children with low body weight. The features of home work, its pros, and cons are given. An analysis of employment from the standpoint of occupational health revealed the relationship between forms of employment and indicators of health and quality of life and made it possible to complete some generalizations and formulate the principles of work and health. The future of labor, new occupations, knowledge, and skills are considered. In the United Nations Development Program, Goal 8, Decent Work and Economic Growth, is to achieve full employment and decent work for all by 2030. PE is becoming more frequent; therefore, further data collection and research into its effects among new groups of workers is necessary. Soon, the digitalization of the economy and society will cause a paradigm shift in occupational health: the future of occupational health is the prevention of occupational diseases and work-related disorders.

The transition to a postindustrial society, change of civilizations and new challenges require both in-depth study of current status on basic research morpho-physiology of natural intelligence, a broad discussion and formulation of strategies by the academic community, and the development of new scientific and applied approaches of optimization of intellectual activity, defining preventive trends for mental, physical and social well-being.

The aim of study is to analyze multi-factor retrospective and modern fundamental research to identify possible predicted changes in the directions of knowledge search, such as the phenomenon of intelligence in purposeful, conscious human activity aimed at meeting the needs of the individual and society, and trends in the study of intellectual labor in physiology, hygiene and medicine.

The analysis of modern generally accepted semantics according to the documents of WHO, ILO, ISO, and Russian legislation is carried out. Based on the analysis of the main stages and discoveries of structural and functional elements of the natural intellectual system over 26 centuries of the history of neuroscience and other knowledge systems related to intellectual labour. Parameters, measurement standards, and limits that are important for intellectual activity are defined. Modern methods of studying intelligence and optimizing intellectual activity are analyzed.

In the modern conceptual apparatus: knowledge worker, when working performs intellectual functions (ICF, WHO), which are related to brain health (WHO), mental loads, strain, stress (ISO), can lead to mental and behavioral disorders (ILO), are associated with the results of intellectual activity (Civil Code of the Russian Federation) and intellectual product (Labour Code of the Russian Federation). To date, the paradigms of wiring, neurobiological, informational, connectome, and noogenesis are developing in the study of intelligence. The factors of the working environment can be influenced by the general strategy for the development of the information society and the digital economy, digital taylorism, the development of addictions and the "enslavement of people by the Internet". In intellectual activity, the following are important: information speed (from 100 m/s to 300 million m/s); the volume of information produced and transmitted, its quality and usefulness of content; cooperation between a person and the world wide web connection (from 150 to 1 trillion connections). New research methods, including fMRI, CT, MEG, TES, PET, TMS, etc., are shaping the paradigm shift in the study of intelligence. with the determination of the localization of intellectual functions in the brain. Developing predictive trends include information hygiene, hygiene of nutrition of the brain and noopharmacology.

Analysis of the fundamental foundations of intelligence and the evolution of its parameters, along with new research methods, can be useful for predicting scientific hypotheses and trends in studying the features of intellectual labor in physiology, hygiene, and medicine. Strategies for the development of the information (I) society, standards for I-measuring, the phenomena of I-boom, I-overload, and I-pollution, along with the appearance of I-dependent pathologies, form the relevance of the development of I-ecology and I-hygiene. It is advisable to develop sanitary rules and hygienic recommendations for the organization of IT processes.

Modern trends in the deterioration of health and the growth of non-communicable diseases among the adult working-age population, including medical workers, actualize the importance of a healthy lifestyle for maintaining health and professional longevity. There were almost no studies related to cosmetologists' experienced group as representatives of aesthetic medicine.

There is no scientific evidence on behavioral risks of this group. It justifies the relevance of this study.

The study aims to analyze the essential components of the cosmetologists' lifestyle depending on age and the argumentation of priority behavioral health risk factors for preventive and recreational work justification.

Sixty women (practicing cosmetologists in Volgograd at the age of 28-39 years (group A) and 40-53 (group B)) took part in the study. Lifestyle assessment included a modified questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of 5 blocks (block 1 - nutrition; 2 - physical activity, including hardening and active rest; 3 - daily regimen; 4 - personal hygiene; 5 - bad habits). It allows the analysis of the adherence to a healthy lifestyle based on the provision of quantitative data. Statistical data processing was carried out using the Excel package.

The authors identified the essential and statistically significant differences in the cosmetologists' lifestyle depending on age. The respondents of group B demonstrated hygienically rational indicators in all blocks of the lifestyle more often. They had a more formed adherence to a healthy lifestyle: 504 answers in the category "insignificant risk" of respondents in group B versus 354 in group A. Distribution of answers in the "high risk" category: 119 responses in group B and 185 in group A. The lifestyle of 46.7% of the respondents in group B refers to a healthy lifestyle. 3.3% of the group B respondents have an anxious lifestyle, 50% have health risks. 10% of Group A respondents' lifestyle refers to a healthy lifestyle. 13.3% of Group A respondents' lifestyle refers to an anxious lifestyle; 76.7% of this group have health risks.

There was almost no complex hygienic research profession of medical cosmetologists. Cosmetologists of the older age group (40-53 years old) are more conscious of maintaining a hygienically rational lifestyle. The most significant defects among cosmetologists aged 28-39 years are low physical activity, nutritional defects, insufficient duration of night rest, and excessive use of information and communication technologies for rest, accompanied by manifestations of neurotization and signs of pronounced fatigue. The obtained results argue the need to develop and implement informational and educational measures to prevent risk behavior patterns, taking into account the age of cosmetologists and the priority of the identified behavioral risk factors.

Вячеслав Афанасьевич родился 14 апреля 1943 года в Рязанской области. Несмотря на тяжелые послевоенные детство и юность в 1966 году с отличием окончил Рязанский медицинский институт имени академика И.П. Павлова. Свой профессиональный путь врача-невролога В.А. Кирьяков начал в Свердловской области, а становление как ученого и педагога неразрывно связано с Московским областным научно-исследовательским клиническим институтом им. М.Ф. Владимирского, где в 1972 г. после окончания аспирантуры по неврологии он защитил кандидатскую диссертацию на тему «Томопневмомиелография при поражениях спинного мозга».