Introduction. The problem of labour force insufficiency and super mortality in the working-age population persists in Russia and requires the development of measures to preserve and promote the health of economically active population.

The study aims to assess the health status of the working–age population and the informativeness of official statistics on morbidity, disability and mortality.

Materials and methods. We have analyzed the currently available sources of official statistics on morbidity, disability and mortality of the working-age population in Russia. 

The authors have gave the characteristic of the health status of the working-age population for 2012–2018 on the basis of existing statistical sources.

Results. The primary morbidity rate in 2018 was 6.013 per ten thousand people of working age. Over a seven-year period, the decline was 1.7%. The indicator of primary disability in 2018 was 43.2 per ten thousand for men and 26.4 per 10 thousand for women, having decreased by 26.0% and 24.1%, respectively, compared to 2012, which is largely due to changes in the regulatory framework and criteria for establishing disability. The level of disability among men throughout the study period was 1.6–1.7 times higher than that of women. This is due to a complex of factors, including a longer working age and working conditions, since men are more often engaged in work in contact with harmful production factors.

Standardized mortality rates in working age for the period from 2012 to 2018 decreased by 21.2% for men and 14.6% for women. However, the mortality rate among men was more than 3 times higher than among women (68.2 per ten thousand and 20.3 per ten thousand in 2018, respectively).

The authors have identified significant shortcomings of the available statistical data on the health of the working-age population. There are full statistical data only on mortality, and data on primary morbidity and primary disability we have by enlarged age groups without gender separation, which significantly reduces their analytical capabilities.

Conclusion. Currently, there is an acute problem in Russia of reducing the working-age population, which is associated with a number of demographic and socio-economic reasons and unsatisfactory health characteristics of this age group, especially men.

In order to form scientifically-based recommendations aimed at improving the health of the population, access to detailed data is needed to assess the health of the population in the "morbidity – disability – mortality" complex.

Ethics. This study did not require the conclusion of the Ethics committee.

Contribution:
Bukhtiyarov I.V. — research concept and design;
Tikhonova G.I. — research concept and design, text writing, editing;
Betts K.V. — data collection and processing, text writing;
Bryleva M.S. — data collection and processing, text writing;
Gorchakova T.Yu. — data collection and processing;
Churanova A.N. — data collection and processing.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 02.11.2022 / Accepted: 17.11.2022 / Published: 23.12.2022

Introduction. Every year there is a steady increase in the frequency of male infertility both in Russia and in other countries of the world with the concomitant low efficiency of recognizing the causes of its idiopathic forms. The explanation for the increase in infertility are: harmful production factors, including chemical ones, progressive deterioration of the quality of the urban environment, which has a significant impact on the reproductive health of the urbanized population, recurring economic crises that negatively affect the human psyche, mass consumption of substandard products and medicines. These factors, primarily chemical production, negatively affect the reproductive system, including the differentiation of male germ cells, as a cause of fertility disorders.

The aim of the study to consider in vitro spontaneous and benzene-induced features of sperm apoptosis in male oil industry workers with impaired fertility.

Materials and methods. We have conducted an experimental study of biological material (ejaculate) in 50 men with reproductive disorders (26–49 years old), employees of an oil production enterprise. To conduct the experiment in vitro, the researchers used seminal fluid samples. A benzene solution at a concentration of 0.001 micrograms/ml was used as an in vitro induction factor (selected experimentally). We divided the analyzed samples into 2 equal parts to study the spontaneous and benzene-induced expression of apoptosis markers (CD25⁺, CD95⁺, bax, p53, Annexin V-FITC and Propidium Iodide, Caspasa-3), which the researchers determined by flow cytometry.

Results. There were no significant deviations of intracellular markers of sperm apoptosis (bax, p53, Annexin V-FITC⁺7AAD⁺, Annexin V-FITC⁺7AAD^–, Caspasa-3), however, experts observed differences in the expression of CD95⁺ and CD25⁺ membrane proteins by 20% and 10% compared to the spontaneous level, which is associated with the acceleration of the events of programmed sperm death (p<0.05).

Conclusion. The results obtained in an in vitro experiment on modeling the apoptosis program by induction with hapten (benzene) showed that violations of sperm cell death are associated with overexpression of the key receptor for triggering apoptosis CD95, as well as a marker of early activation of CD25 cells, which reflects benzene modification of the cell death scenario along the path of its excessive stimulation.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 23.03.2022 / Accepted: 21.11.2022 / Published: 23.12.2022

Introduction. Studies of toxic lesions due to exposure to metallic mercury compounds do not allow us to identify the features of the violation of central afferent conducting structures in the long-term period of chronic mercury intoxication (CHMI). The contribution of various systems to the development of pathology is not sufficiently disclosed.

The study aims to identify the role of neurotransmitters in pathological changes in central hemodynamics, the value of lipid peroxidation products and the activity of antioxidant protection in the demyelination of central afferent conductive structures in workers exposed to metallic mercury in the workplace.

Materials and methods. The authors examined 47 people (group one) — trained chemical production workers exposed to metallic mercury, and group two (51 people) — patients in the long-term period of CHMI. The control group (CG) consisted of 30 people who had no contact with toxicants. We have determined concentration of neurotransmitters, lipid peroxidation products (LPP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (RG), nitric oxide.

Results. Experts observed statistically significant changes in indicators in subgroups with and without changes in cerebral hemodynamics and in group two when compared with group one. Comparison of persons with CHMI without changes in blood circulation with the presence of disorders revealed an increase in normetanephrine in the latter, a decrease in NT-3. Correlation analysis showed: in group one, there was a statistically significant difference between the vasomotor reactivity index (VRI) and serotonin. In group two — between CHMI and serotonin, adrenaline and dopamine. Changes in afferent pathways are interrelated with indicators of oxidative stress. Violations are accompanied by the formation of a pathological system, are signs of dysregulatory pathology.

Limitations. The disadvantage of the study is the fact that scientists determined the content of neurotransmitters and products of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protection in the blood of the subjects, and not in the structures of the brain.

Conclusion. The increased content of biogenic amines leads to a change in peripheral blood circulation and regulation of cerebral blood flow by pressor action on the regulation of the vascular bed, leading to vasoconstriction, changes in the bioelectric activity of the structures of the reticular formation of the midbrain, hypothalamus, thalamocortical structures, most pronounced in the long-term period of chronic mercury intoxication. We found that the formation of demyelination in patients with chronic mercury intoxication was accompanied by a decrease in the concentration of NT-3. It was natural to reduce the level of reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase in neurodegenerative processes in trained workers exposed to metallic mercury at work, and in patients with a long period of chronic mercury intoxication.

Ethics. The study was conducted in compliance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration of the World Association "Ethical principles of conducting Scientific medical research with human participation" (as amended in 2008), "Rules of Clinical Practice in the Russian Federation" (approved by the Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated 06/19/2003 No. 266).

Contribution:
Rusanova D.V. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, writing and formatting of the article, editing;
Lakhman O.L. — concept and design of research, editing;
Kudaeva I.V. — collection and processing of material, writing and formatting of the article;
Kuptsova N.G. — collection and processing of the material, writing and formatting of the article.
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Funding. The financing was carried out within the framework of the State Task on fundamental and Exploratory scientific research. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare that no conflict of interests.

Received: 01.11.2022 / Accepted: 17.11.2022 / Published: 23.12.2022

Introduction. The study of the contribution of molecular genetic markers to the formation of occupational diseases is currently an urgent direction in occupational health. It is considered proven that the development and course of occupational diseases depends not only on the occupational risk, but also on the individual characteristics of the body of workers. The study of molecular genetic markers makes it possible to determine the risk groups of early development and unfavorable course of occupational diseases in the post-contact period.

The study aims to explore the association of the ID polymorphism of the CASP8 gene with vibration disease, the timing of its development and some biochemical parameters.

Materials and methods. We have examined eighty men with vibration disease. Of these: twenty three people with early stages of disease development (work experience under the influence of industrial vibration for less than fifteen years), fifty-seven people with late stages of disease development (work experience under the influence of industrial vibration for more than fifteen years).

The scientists have carried DNA extraction from blood by the phenol-chloroform method. In the caspase 8 gene (CASP8) in the promoter we have checked the presence/absence of detention in 6 b.p. –652 AGTAAG ins/del (rs3834129) using PCR.The researchers carried out the frequencies of the genotype and alleles of the I/D polymorphism of the CASP8 gene in the studied groups.

Results. The authors found that the genotype ID of the rs3834129 polymorphism of the CASP8 gene is significantly more common in the group of patients with late-onset vibration disease (VD). The researchers found when studying some indicators of connective tissue metabolism, that the level of uronic acids (UC) was significantly lower in carriers of the genotype ID polymorphism of the CASP8 gene compared with carriers of other genotypes.

Conclusion. The carriage of the genotype ID of the rs3834129 polymorphism of the CASP8 gene is a marker associated with resistance to the formation of VB in workers of vibration-hazardous professions, as well as with a low level of activity of fibroplastic processes.

Limitations. The relatively small size of the studied groups.

Ethics. The authors have conducted the study in compliance with the Ethical principles of conducting medical research with the participation of a person as a subject and the rules of clinical practice in the Russian Federation approved by Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 266 of 19.06.2003. The conclusion of the Ethical Committee at the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Protocol No. 65 of 27.05.2014) and informed consent of patients was received.

Contribution:
Smirnova E.L. — the concept and design of the study, data collection and processing, text writing;
Poteryaeva E.L. — the concept and design of the study;
Ivanova A.A. — data collection and processing;
Maksimov V.N. — editing;
Funtikova I.S. — data collection and processing;
Nesina I.A. — data collection and processing.

Funding. A molecular genetic fragment of the study was carried out within the framework of budget topic No. 122031700094-5.

Conflict of interests. The author declares no conflict of interests.

Received: 27.11.2022 / Accepted: 29.11.2022 / Published: 23.12.2022

Introduction. This article presents the results of a study of the relationship of phenomena characterizing the state of regulation of neurophysiological and energy processes in vibration disease (VD).

The study aims to identify the relationships characterizing the state of regulation of neurophysiological and energy processes, according to the parameters of EEG and the level of constant potential (LCP) in patients with vibration disease.

Materials and methods. We have examined thirty seven patients with VB caused by the combined effects of local and general vibration, thirty healthy men (comparison group). The researchers used electroencephalography and neurogenetic mapping techniques.

Results. In the group of patients with VB, the nature of EEG activity was manifested by a change in the topical organization of the main normal EEG rhythms: the alpha rhythm, when compared with the comparison group, is more represented in the parietal leads (alpha rhythm index 30.7(15.8–53.5) and 45.3(34.9–59.5)% at p=0.010, respectively), beta1-rhythm — in a small, approximately the same amount, in all leads (in the right frontal from 3.7(2.8–5.6) and 6(3.8–8.2)% at p=0.020, in the left central leads up to 5.9(4.8–7.7) and 8.3(5.9–12.1)% at p=0.018, respectively). The delta rhythm index prevailed in the right frontal region 57.3(47.1–74.8) and 17(12–19)% at p=0.013, respectively. We have revealed a negative correlation of the delta rhythm index in the left frontal (Fp1), left central (C3), left parietal (P3), left occipital (O3), left temporal (T3) regions and LCP in the central (Cz) (r=–0.34; –0.32; –0.35; –0.39; –0.44; p=0.036; 0.048; 0.033; 0.016; 0.006, respectively). An increase in the theta rhythm index in the anterior frontal left lead (Fp1) can be associated with an increase in SCP in the occipital lobe of the right hemisphere (Pd-Ps, r=0.50; p=0.001).

Limitations. Limitations are presented in the form of a small number of individuals in groups, insufficient depth of study of foreign literature materials on the issue under study.

Conclusion. Interdependent disorders of neurofunctional activity in VB are: an increase in the theta rhythm index in the frontal, central regions of the left hemisphere with a right-hemisphere increase in neuroenergy exchange in the frontal, temporal, parietal regions; an increase in the delta rhythm index of the rhythm in the left hemisphere with a decrease in the LCP in the central parietal region. The strengthening of interhemispheric interaction with compensatory activation of the subdominant hemisphere is probably associated with the strain of adaptive potential, mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis, allowing to reduce neurological deficit by neuroplasticity.

Ethics. The work complies with ethical standards developed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association "Ethical Principles of conducting Scientific medical research with human participation" as amended in 2000 and "Rules of Clinical Practice in the Russian Federation" approved by Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 266 dated 06/19/2003. Informed consent was received from each person to participate in the survey, approved in accordance with the established procedure by the local Ethics Committee.

Contribution:
Shevchenko O.I. — research concept and design, material collection and data processing, text writing, editing;
Katamanova E.V. — material processing, text writing;
Lakhman O.L. — editing.
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all documents.

Funding. The funding was carried out within the framework of the State Task on fundamental and Exploratory scientific research.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 01.12.2022 / Accepted: 07.12.2022 / Published: 23.12.2022

The issues of timely identification of workers in need of in-depth examination remain relevant and priority; substantiation of criteria for the formation of risk groups, taking into account the assessment of early nonspecific reactions of the body in order to timely ensure rational schemes for the organization of therapeutic and recreational activities.

The analysis of the available literature data on determining the role of the immune system in the development of pathology in workers under conditions of industrial microbiological risk seems relevant.

We have carried out a systematic search and analysis of modern domestic and foreign literature on the designated topic.

Hygienic studies indicate that respiratory dusts, chemicals, conditionally pathogenic saprophytic microorganisms prevail as part of the complex of working environment factors.

As a result of adsorption on dust particles, microorganisms are able to trigger the development of pathological processes, followed by the release of inflammatory mediators. Other interrelated and interdependent molecular mechanisms also take part in the processes of formation of inflammation of the respiratory tract. Maintaining the balance of the levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory regulatory proteins — cytokines is the basis for maintaining an adequate balance and the formation of anti-infectious immunity.

Epithelial cells are the main organ capable of performing the functions of a barrier to prevent the spread of an infectious agent to the lower respiratory tract.

The analysis of scientific literature indicates a significant contribution of microbial contamination of the air of the working area by saprophytic microorganisms to the development of immuno-mediated general somatic, production-related and occupational morbidity. There is not enough work on a clear disclosure of the patterns of immune response, the stage-by-stage indicators of endogenous protection mechanisms, which make it possible to justify timely diagnostic measures and high-quality medical supervision of employees.

Contribution:
Masyagutova L.M. — the concept and design of the study, writing the text;
Bakirov A.B. — the concept and design of the study;
Gizatullina L.G. — writing the text;
Abdrakhmanova E.R. — selection and translation of literature;
Rafikova L.A. — selection and translation of literature;
Kabirova E.F. — selection and translation of literature.
All authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Received: 14.11.2022 / Accepted: 01.12.2022 / Published: 23.12.2022

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most serious problems of modern healthcare in the world. COPD is a common disease, characterized by a variety of clinical and functional features of the disease and heterogeneity of the inflammatory response.

The study aims to research a comprehensive analysis of laboratory examination in persons at high risk of COPD, including data from general clinical and bacteriological studies and highlighting priority, early changes in its composition.

The researchers analyzed the results of laboratory studies of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract in persons with an established diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The work uses data from official reports of the Ministry of Health for 2020.

When evaluating the general (native) analysis of sputum in COPD patients, the nature was determined by its cellular composition. Segmented neutrophils predominated among leukocytes in 41.18±5.37%, eosinophils in 8.24±3.00%, alveolar macrophages in 9.41±3.19%. We found that Streptococcus pyogenes, Staph. epidermidis, Enterococcus spp., Candida albicans prevailed among the isolated microorganisms during the exacerbation of this disease. The remaining types of microorganisms (Klebsiella pnemoniae, Enterobacter aeromonas, Escherichia coli) were represented by single strains.

The results of studies on the cellular composition and microbial spectrum of sputum of patients with acute COPD, allow us to conclude that the most informative and significant are general clinical indicators (leukocytes, eosinophils), as well as isolated microorganisms Streptococcus pyogenes, Staph. epidermidis, Enterococcus spp., and yeast fungi of the genus Candida albicans. The data obtained made it possible to substantiate the role of reliable and easily reproducible biomarkers in determining the activity of the disease and the phenotype of COPD.

Contribution:
Vlasova N.V. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, writing the text;
Karamova L.M. — editing;
Rafikova L.A. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, writing the text;
Gizatullina L.G. — compilation of the list of references;
Abdrakhmanova E.R. — collection and processing of material;
Borisova A.I. — collection and processing of material.
All co–authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The authors no conflict of interests.

Received: 25.11.2022 / Accepted: 28.11.2022 / Published: 23.12.2022

The prevalence of occupational diseases and poisoning at work is one of the important indicators of the health of workers engaged in harmful and dangerous jobs. In 2012, the Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation No. 417n dated April 27, 2012 "On approval of the list of occupational diseases" was issued, which implied, when solving issues of examination of the connection of occupational diseases with industrial activity, orientation to the 10^th version of the International Classification of Diseases. In 2018, the World Health Organization published the 11^th version of the International Classification of Diseases, which officially comes into force on January 1, 2022. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 2900-r of October 15, 2021, approved an action plan for the implementation of the eleventh revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Health-Related Problems (ICD-11).

To date, the ICD is recognized as a standard for statistical accounting in the healthcare system, the basis for the formulation of clinical diagnosis, as well as the encoding of recorded data obtained during the analysis of morbidity, causes of injuries and harmful effects, cases of rare diseases, anatomical and histopathological data, assessment of the severity of conditions, professional or sports activity, the need to provide medical products, medicines, etc.

There is no unequivocal opinion on the adaptation of the ICD-11 codes and this topic requires further study, but the transition of work on the new classification is only a matter of time. Thus, in this article we would like to consider the issues of the ICD‑11 codes of occupational diseases, which can be used in relation to the most common diseases associated with the effects of industrial chemical and physical factors, as well as physical overload and functional overstrain of individual organs and systems.

The main sections highlighted in the ICD-11 for various occupational diseases, on the one hand, reflect to a greater extent various pathological conditions associated with the effects of physical factors, but on the other hand, they do not fully represent diseases associated with the effects of industrial factors of chemical etiology. When switching to the 11th version of the International Classification of Diseases, occupational Pathology may face difficulties, since not all clinically important syndromes of occupational diseases are presented in the ICD-11. In this regard, it seems important and relevant to discuss this issue.

Ethics. In preparing this article, no personal data of patients was used and no studies were conducted on laboratory animals. All used normative documentation is placed in the Garant system. The performed analysis, presented in the materials of the manuscript, corresponds to the generally accepted norms of morality and does not pose a risk.

Contribution:
Bakirov A.B. — the concept and design of the study;
Abdrakhmanova E.R. — text writing;
Masyagutova L.M. — the concept and design of the study;
Salavatova L.Kh. — text writing;
Alakaeva R.A. — selection and translation of literature;
Gabdulvaleeva E.F. — selection and translation of literature.

Funding. The study had no funding.

Conflict of interests. The author declares no conflict of interests.

Received: 30.06.2022 / Accepted: 14.12.2022 / Published: 23.12.2022