Introduction. In conditions of shortage of labor resources, strengthening and preserving the health of the economically active population of Russia is of particular importance, and among the priorities of health care development is the task of reducing the level of labor losses, including due to temporary disability (TD) of workers due to diseases and injuries.

The study aims to study the dynamics of age and gender characteristics of temporary disability among workers as an essential source of data on the health status of the working population of Russia.

Materials and methods. The authors analyzed the dynamics of indicators of the frequency of cases of TD and the average duration of one point of temporary disability of employees for 2014–2018. Also, the scientists analyzed the intermediate data on temporary disability for five years for the leading causes of diseases, depending on age and gender. In addition, the experts conducted research based on data from the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (form 16-TD) and information from Rosstat.

Results. During 2014–2018, the incidence of TD due to diseases decreased by 1.5% in men and 3.3% in women while reducing the average duration of one case of the disease (by 1.5% and 2.4%, respectively).

The frequency of TD due to injuries decreased by 14.2% in men and 8.3% in women, with a slight increase in the average duration of one case. In the structure of TD in men and women, four classes of diseases (diseases of the respiratory system, musculoskeletal system, circulatory system, and digestive organs) accounted for 70–80% of the total number of cases of TD. For most classes, experts recorded the frequency of temporary disability in men 1.1–1.5 times less than in women with higher average duration of temporary disability.

Conclusions. Researchers established significant age and gender differences in the frequency and duration of temporary disability due to diseases and injuries, which must be considered when developing preventive programs.

Introduction. The main cause of the able-bodied population’s death in the Russian Federation is cardiovascular diseases. It is known that one of the most important factors of cardiovascular risk is a violation of lipid metabolism, which is an indicator of atherogenesis processes activation.

In this regard, it is relevant to study the lipid spectrum and its effect on the cardiovascular risk’s level for workers of various industries, who are exposed to a complex of harmful production factors.

The study aims to investigate lipid metabolism and atherosclerotic processes in chemical production workers for the opportune implementation of therapeutic and preventive measures.

Materials and methods of research. Comprehensive clinical and hygienic studies in the chemical industry have been carried out. Hygienic studies and assessment of working conditions of employees were accomplished using the current regulatory documents. Surveyed were divided into 3 groups: machine operators (I group), machinery repair locksmiths (II group), control and measuring devices’ locksmiths (CMD) (III group — comparison).

To identify risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), a screening examination was conducted within the framework of periodic medical examinations of 3761 male workers, a study of the lipid spectrum in 846 workers. Employees with high and very high cardiovascular risk according to the SCORE system underwent in-depth medical examination using clinical laboratory, functional, ultrasound examination methods (179 people). The relative risk and etiological proportion were calculated in order to establish a causal relationship between the complex of harmful production factors and the formation of hypercholesterolemia.

Results. The data of the conducted studies showed that the factors of cardiovascular risk in workers of I and II groups have harmful working conditions on the workplace (general class of working conditions 3.2), smoking, obesity, hypertension, which are more common in the group of machinery repairmen which was compared with workers of other professions. It was found that the average values of total cholesterol in blood serum, LDL cholesterol were higher in the examined I-II groups than III group.

Analysis of the state of the cardiovascular system main indicators for workers of various professions obtained as a result of in-depth examination in a hospital revealed, that signs carotid arteries atherosclerotic changes were more often registered in workers of I-II groups. The revealed indicators of dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis increased in proportion to the length of service in harmful working conditions.

Conclusion. The conducted research allowed to substantiate the algorithm of stage-by-stage examination, dynamic monitoring of the chemical production workers’ health’s state in order to detect atherosclerosis earlier and integrate therapeutic and preventive measures timely.

Introduction. The leading role in the body's adaptation to the external environment is the neuroendocrine system, although homeostatic mechanisms are highly diverse and at very different levels. Special functional hormonal tests can detect such disorders since obvious clinical manifestations do not accompany many neuroendocrine diseases. The use of tyroliberin with simultaneous determination of hormones of the peripheral endocrine gland and the corresponding tropic hormone of the pituitary gland in one portion of blood makes it possible to detect excessive or reduced hormonal secretion and diagnose the level of damage to the neuroendocrine system: hypothalamic, pituitary, peripheral. It seems relevant to characterize the features of the response of the pituitary-thyroid complex to the introduction of synthetic hypothalamic tyroliberin in vibration disease (VD).

The study aims to develop objective criteria for detecting neurohormonal deregulation with varying degrees of severity of clinical manifestations of VD, to establish the pathogenetic, diagnostic, and prognostic significance of the detected changes.

Materials and methods. Researchers examined three groups of patients: the first — persons with separate, early signs of vibration exposure (17 patients), the second — persons with grade 1 VD (26), the third — persons with grade 2 VD (27). The control group consisted of 37 practically healthy men, of similar age and profession, with no signs of vibration exposure.

Results. In patients with VD, there is a qualitative and quantitative transition of the regulation of the pituitary-thyroid system, characterized by a different than average amount of thyroid hormones per unit of thyrotropin (TTH): less triiodothyronine (T₃) and more thyroxine (T₄). Since the primary source of T₃ in the body is its conversion from T₄ on the periphery in tissues, there is reason to believe that with the progression of clinical manifestations of vibration pathology, there is a decrease in the activity of this process. An increase in the T₄/T₃ ratios in parallel with the severity of the disease confirms this position.

Conclusion. The features of the response of hormonal complexes to the introduction of synthetic hypothalamic tyroliberin were found, which made it possible to clarify the significance and role of neurohormonal dysregulation in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prediction of the risk of the occurrence and development of clinical manifestations of VD.

Introduction. Contaminants emitted into atmospheric air and tropical to respiratory organs form maximum non-carcinogenic risks in Omsk. Respiratory risk levels over the past 12 years have not dropped below the "high risk" level and ranged from 9.4 to 20 in different years of observation. "Clean Air" Federal project, which is being implemented in Omsk, should be successful not only in terms of reducing harmful emissions, but also contribute to a sustainable reduction in the incidence rate.

The study aims to determine the list of pollutants affecting the actual levels of respiratory morbidity of the Omsk population, with the establishment of intracity risk areas.

Materials and methods. The study used social-hygienic monitoring data: results of laboratory studies of atmospheric air at stationary stations of Roshydromet, respiratory disease incidence of the Omsk population by age groups for the period 2009–2020. Population health risks were assessed according to health risk assessment methodology applied in case of exposure to chemicals (Guide R 2.1.10.1920-04). Correlation and two-factor variance analyses were used to assess the association between respiratory risks and respiratory disease incidence.

Results. Long-term increase in the incidence of chronic bronchitis and asthma in adults and adolescents, unstable rates of asthma in children and dysfunctional health indicators in children under 1 year of age may indicate adverse effects of air-polluting chemicals. High levels of respiratory hazards in Omsk are formed mainly by suspended substances, formaldehyde, carbon (black), hydrogen chloride. The negative impact of these pollutants on the health of Omsk residents was confirmed by spatiotemporal positive connections in the system "respiratory risks — respiratory diseases". Microdistricts with the highest levels of respiratory risks and morbidity of respiratory diseases in children 0–14 years old have been identified on the territory of the city.

Conclusion. A list of pollutants emitted in the atmospheric air, affecting the actual levels of respiratory morbidity of the population of Omsk, has been established. Intracity areas of respiratory risk and increased incidence of respiratory diseases in children have been identified. Risk mitigation measures are proposed.

Railway transport performs an essential economic and social role. Moreover, railway transport is steadily developing in terms of engineering technologies, strategically and economically, ensuring the development of remote and hard-to-reach regions of the Russian Federation. Factors that negatively affect the health of railway transport workers, primarily locomotive crews, researchers divided into several groups: physical production factors (noise, vibration, electromagnetic influences, workplace microclimate); factors related to the peculiarities of the production process organization (shift work schedule, irregular working hours, processing); behavioral risk factors (compliance by employees of locomotive crews with the principles of rational nutrition, recommendations for physical activity, the presence or absence of bad habits). Combining these risk factors affects railway transport workers and can lead to the potentiation of their combined effect. Each group of persons involved in railway traffic has its risk factors and their combinations in one way or another. The review provides a detailed description of the principal risk factors affecting the health of railway transport workers.

The high prevalence of musculoskeletal syndrome (MSS), which causes absence from work and disability and significant treatment costs, determines the relevance of studying the features of its formation, including in connection with production factors.

The study aims to determine the hygienic assessment of working conditions and the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in various departments of the musculoskeletal system of machine-building workers in metalworking.

The researchers formed observation groups: operators of metalworking machines with an experience of 1–5 years and 6–10 years, comparison groups — administrative and technical personnel on the principle of the same age and experience. Time-lapse studies allowed us to assess the severity and intensity of the work. In addition, we have studied the prevalence and nature of complaints using a questionnaire.

Scientists have established the leading production factors that determine the severity of the work of machine operators: weight of the lifted and moved cargo; body tilts; the working pose of "standing with the tilt" (class working conditions 3.2).

We identified a higher prevalence of complaints of pain in different parts of the spine; they are more intense, a marked increase in the majority of pain in the dynamics of employment, the relationship of their origin working in professional teams of operators compared to the control (p≤0,01–0,001).

The calculation of the Pearson conjugacy coefficient confirmed a pronounced relationship between the prevalence of MSS and the severity of childbirth. The authors have established a high and very high degree of etiological conditionality of the MSS by the nature of the work.

Factors of the work process of machine operators (working pose "standing with a tilt", lifting and carrying weights, torso bends) cause the appearance of nonspecific musculoskeletal pain. All this should be taken into account when planning preventive measures.

One of the primary syndromes of vibration disease is polyneuropathy, which is characterized primarily by the involvement of sensory fibers.

In the clinical picture, such a lesion manifests itself in the form of sensitive disorders (pain, numbness, paresthesia), which worsen patients' quality of life. The neuroprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning is currently insufficiently studied and is a promising area of scientific research.

The study aims to learn the effect of ischemic preconditioning of the upper extremities on the clinical and neurophysiological manifestations of polyneuropathic lesion in vibration disease.

Scientists examined 70 patients with an established diagnosis of vibration disease (40 people — the leading group and underwent ischemic preconditioning of the upper extremities, 30 people — the control group, they did not use this technique. All subjects underwent clinical and electroneuromyographic examinations before ischemic preconditioning on the 5^th day of the study.

The initial indicators of the examination in both groups did not differ statistically and had signs of the polyneuropathic lesion. However, after ischemic preconditioning, clinical symptoms significantly decreased, the speed of conduction along sensory fibers increased, but we did not find significant objectivity of dynamics in the control group.

Ischemic preconditioning of the upper extremities in vibration disease leads to a decrease in the severity of the clinical and neurophysiological picture of the polyneuropathic lesion.