New psychophysiologic approaches applied in occupational selection of candidates for dangerous professions

Introduction. In increased requirements to occupational and personal qualities of workers engaged into or applying for dangerous professions, effi ciency of occupational selection considerably depends on choice of methodic approaches adequate to the study objectives. Objective. To study psychophysiologic approaches to evaluation of social psychologic reliability and occupational fi tness of individuals with dangerous professions, for revealing prognostic facilities of new methods and for improving occupational selection for military and police offi cers. Materials and methods. Psychophysiologic studies used eye-tracker SMI-RED–250 and polygraph “Diana” and covered 201 candidates for service in various divisions of RF Investigating Committ ee. Major part of the examinees consisted of individuals aged under 30 years (134 males and 67 females). All the candidates had normal vision or corrected to normal one. Evoked brain potentials study covered 114 candidates for military service (2 females and 112 males) aged 17 to 52 years. According to polygraph study, 51.8% of the examinees demonstrated a risk factor of “drug use”. Results. Th e authors presented results of psychophysiologic studies of occupational fi tness in candidates for military and police service. Nowadays, polygraph study remains a reliable method to reveal reactions proving presence of concealed information. Using evoked brain potentials for disclosing individuals who conceal drug usage is an important procedure in security maintenance. Within a standard polygraph procedure, videooculography (eye-tracker) seems the most interesting. Th e studies covered possible use of evoked EEG potentials and eye-tracker along with polygraph study for personnel checkups. Conclusions. Occupational selection in individuals with dangerous professions obtained experimental data indicating high effi ciency of combined use of eye-tracking and polygraph, for diagnosis of social psychologic reliability one can use soft ware of evoked brain potentials with demonstration of drugs-associated slides.

occupational selection, psychophysiologic methods, evoked potentials, eye-tracker

1. Izmerov, N. F. Occupational medicine. Introduction into specialty. Textbook for postgraduate doctors training. N. F. Izmerov, A. A. Kasparov. Moscow: Meditsina; 2002 (in Russian).

2. Varlamov V.A., Varlamov G.V. Psychophysiology of polygraph tests. Krasnodar; 2000 (in Russian).

3. Alekseev L.G. Psychophysiology of lie detection. Moscow; 2011 (in Russian).

4. Barabanshchikov V.A., Zhegallo A.V. Eye-tracking. Methods of eye movements registration in psychologic studies and practice. Moscow: Kogito-tsentr; 2014 (in Russian).

5. Bodrov V.A. Psychology of occupational activity: Theoretic and applied problems. Moscow: PER SE; 2006 (in Russian).

6. Barabanshchikov V.A. Oculomotor structures of perception. Moscow: IP RAN; 1997 (in Russian).

7. Gippenreiter Iu.B. Movements of human eye. Moscow, MGU; 1978 (in Russian).

8. Iarbus A.L. Role of eye movements in vision process. Moscow: Nauka; 1965.

9. Duchowski A.T. Eye tracking methodology: Theory and Practice. L.: Springer Verlag; 2003.

10. Hacker D.J. et al. Detection deception using ocular metrics during reading. In D.C. Raskin C.R. Honts, &J.C. Kircher (Eds.), Credibility assessment: Scientific research and applications. Elsevier; 2014.

11. Holmqvist K., Nystrom M., Andersson R. Eye Tracking: a comprehensive guide to methods and measures. N.Y.: Oxford University Press; 2011.

12. Honts C.R. et al. Eye movements and pupil size reveal deception in computer administered questionnaires. In: Schmorrow D.D., Estabrooke I.V., Grootjen M., editors. Foundations of Augmented Cognition. Neuroergonomics and Operational Neuroscience. SpringerVerlag; Berlin/Heidelberg; 2009.

13. Kircher J.C. et al. Deception detection using oculomotor movements. US Patent Application Publication №2010/0324454 А1 Pub. Data: Dec. 23.2010.

14. Kircher J. C., Raskin D.C. Psychophysiological and Ocular — motor Detection of Deception. University of Utah; 2014. http://converus. com.

15. Vendemia J.M.C. Neural mechanisms of deception and response congruity to general knowledge information and autobiographical information in visual two-stimulus paradigms with motor response. Report No. DoDP199-P–0010. Washington, DC; Department of Defense Polygraph Institute; 2003.

16. Vendemia J. M.C. Detection of deception. Polygraph. 2003; 32 (2): 97–106.

17. Webb A.K. et al. Effectiveness of Pupil Diameter in a Probablelie Comparison Question Test for Deception. Legal and Criminological Psychology. 2009.

18. Perelman B.S. Detecting deception via eyeblink frequency modulation. Peer. 2014; 2.

19. Peth J., Kim J., Gamer M. Fixations and eye-blinks allow for detecting concealed crime related memories. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 2013; 88 (1).

20. Cook A.E., Hacker D.J., Webb A.K., Osher D., Kristjansson S., Woltz D.J., Kircher J.C. Lyin’Eyes: Ocularmotor Measures of Reading Reveal Deception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: 2012; 18(3).

21. Seymour T.L., Baker C. A., Gaunt J.T. Combining blink, pupil, and response time measures in a concealed knowledge test. Frontiers in Psychology. 2012; 3.

22. Handler M. Low Base Rate Screening Survival Analysis1 & Successive Hurdles. J. of the American Association of Police Polygraphists; March 2016.

23. Blagosklonova N.K., Levitskaia N.G. Features of clinical signs and electric brain activity in patients with drug addiction. www. mopb 8.ru/dir/148 (in Russian).

24. Vendemiia Dzhenifer. Lie detection. J. Polygraph. 2003; 32(2): 97–106 (in Russian).

25. Arzumanov Iu.L., Abakumova A.A., Tveritskaia I.N., Trudoliubova M.G., Usmanova N.N., Petrenko V.R., Kamenskaia A.I. Perception disorders in patients with heroin addiction. Rossiiskii psikhiatricheskii zhurnal. 2003; 6: 4 (in Russian).

26. Egorov A.Iu., Tikhomirova T.V. Functional brain asymmetry profiles in alcohol and drug addicts. Zhurnal evoliutsionnoi biokhimii i fiziologii. 2004; 40 (5): 450–54 (in Russian).

27. Ivanitskii A.M., Strelets V.B. Search of causation relationships between brain and mental phenomena in perception studies. Fiziologiia cheloveka. 1981; 7 (3): 528–40 (in Russian).

28. Miagkikh N.I. Contemporary methodic and criterial approaches to examination of occupational psychologic fitness in police structures of Russian Federation. In: Medical and psychologic service for police structures of Russian Federation. Moscow; 2008 (in Russian).

29. Sviderskaia N.E., Butneva L.S., Agaronov V.R., Glazkova V.A. Multi-parametric comparative analysis of EEG in alcoholism and drug addiction. Zhurn. vysshei nervnoi deiatelnosti. 2003; 53 (2): 156–64 (in Russian).

30. Farwell L.A., Donchin E. «Детектор мозга». P300 в распознавании обмана. Psychology. 1986; 23 (4).

31. Farwell L.A., Donchin E. Taking off the top of your head. Electroencephalography and Neuropsychology. 1988; 70: 510–23.

32. Rosenfeld J.P. Scaled P300 Scalp Profiles in Detection of Deception. September 2002. Report No. DoDPI02-R–0005. Department of Defense Polygraph Institute, Fort Jackson; SC 29207–5000.

33. Rosenfeld J.P. et.al. P300 scalp distribution as an index of deception: control for task demand. Polygraph. 2004а; 33 (2): 115–29.

34. Rosenfeld J.P. et.al. Simple, effective countermeasures to P300-based tests of detection of concealed information. Psychophysiol. 2004b; 41: 205–19.

35. Klugman A., Gruzelier J. Chronic cognitive impairment in users of “ecstasy” and cannabis. World Psychiatry. 2003; 2 (3): 184–90.

36. Nittono H., Kubo К. Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima. The effect of intentional concealment on the event-related potentials in a concealed information test. Japan; 2008.

37. Kvasovets S.V., Ivanov A.V., Kurchakova M.S. Reflection of affective richness of images in evoked potential parameters. Psikhol. zhurn. 2007; 28 (3): 84–94 (in Russian).

38. Kostandov E.A. Psychology of consciousness and subconsciousness. St-Petersburg: Piter; 2004 (in Russian).

39. Lapshina T.N. Psychologic diagnosis of human emotions by EEG parameters. Diss. Moscow; 2007 (in Russian).

40. Simonov P.V. Emotional brain. Moscow; 1981 (in Russian).

41. Bruce D. Bartholow, Brad D. Bushman, Marc A. Sestir Chronic violent video game exposure and desensitization to violence. Behavioral and event-related brain potential data. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2006; 42: 532–9. www. elsevier. com/locate/jesp.

42. Christopher R. Engelhardt, Bruce D. Bartholow, Geoffrey T. Kerr, Brad J. Bushman. This is your brain on violent video games: Neural desensitization to violence predicts increased aggression following violent video game exposure. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2011. www.elsevier.\ com/locate/jesp.

43. Alekseev L.G., Zhirnov S.I., Korochkin P.B., Preslov G.A. Reference book for polygraph specialist. Moscow: Izdatelstvo «Pero»; 2015 (in Russian).

44. Patnaik P., Woltz D., Hacker D., Cook A., Ramm M., Webb A., Kircher J. Generalizability of an Ocular-Motor Test for Deception to a Mexican Population. International Journal of Applied Psychology. 2016.