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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">zurniimtpe</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицина труда и промышленная экология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1026-9428</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-8945</issn><publisher><publisher-name>FSBSI “Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31089/1026-9428-2026-66-9-610-618</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">lnvxsu</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">zurniimtpe-4289</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Анализ экспрессии генов в печени крыс как специфическая тест-система для оценки прооксидантной активности токсикантов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Rat liver gene expression analysis as a specific test system for assessing the prooxidant activity of toxicants</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0039-6757</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каримов</surname><given-names>Денис Олегович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karimov</surname><given-names>Denis O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зав. отделом токсикологии и генетики ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», канд. мед. наук</p><p>e-mail: karimovdo@gmail.com</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of the Department of Toxicology and Genetics, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Cand. of Sci. (Med.)</p><p>e-mail: karimovdo@gmail.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">karimovdo@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тоньшин</surname><given-names>Антон Александрович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tonshin</surname><given-names>Anton A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зав. лаб. токсикологии ФГБНУ «НИИ МТ», канд. биол. наук</p><p>e-mail: atonshin@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of the Toxicology Laboratory, Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health, Cand. of Sci. (Biol.)</p><p>e-mail: atonshin@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">atonshin@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6433-899X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бидевкина</surname><given-names>Марина Васильевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bidevkina</surname><given-names>Marina V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гл. науч. сотр. лаб. токсикологии ФГБНУ «НИИ МТ», д-р мед. наук</p><p>e-mail: mbidevkina@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Chief Researcher of the Toxicology Laborator. Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health, Dr. of Sci. (Med.)</p><p>e-mail: mbidevkina@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mbidevkina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3253-4571</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Виноградова</surname><given-names>Арина Игоревна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vinogradova</surname><given-names>Arina I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Науч. сотр. отдела токсикологии (с лабораторией) института дезинфектологии, ФБУН «ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора</p><p>e-mail: vinogradova.ai@fncg.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, Department of Toxicology (with laboratory), Institute of Desinfectology, F.F. Erisman Federal Research Center of Hygiene</p><p>e-mail: vinogradova.ai@fncg.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vinogradova.ai@fncg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2677-0479</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рябова</surname><given-names>Юлия Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryabova</surname><given-names>Yuliya V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зав. лаб. токсикологии отдела токсикологии и генетики ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», канд. мед. наук</p><p>e-mail: ryabovaiuvl@gmail.com</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of the Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Toxicology and Genetics, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Cand. of Sci. (Med.)</p><p>e-mail: ryabovaiuvl@gmail.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ryabovaiuvl@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7321-0864</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гизатуллина</surname><given-names>Алина Анваровна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gizatullina</surname><given-names>Alina A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мл. науч. сотр. отдела токсикологии и генетики ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека»</p><p>e-mail: alinagisa@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Research Associate, Department of Toxicology and Genetics Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology</p><p>e-mail: alinagisa@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alinagisa@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7309-4990</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ахмадеев</surname><given-names>Айдар Ринатович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Akhmadeev</surname><given-names>Aidar R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мл. науч. сотр. лаб. токсикологии отдела токсикологии и генетики ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека»</p><p>e-mail: dgaar87@gmail.com</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Research Associate, Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Toxicology and Genetics, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology</p><p>e-mail: dgaar87@gmail.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dgaar87@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1848-7959</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зиатдинова</surname><given-names>Мунира Мунировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ziatdinova</surname><given-names>Munira M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мл. науч. сотр. отдела токсикологии и генетики ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека»</p><p>e-mail: munira.munirovna@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Research Associate, Department of Toxicology and Genetics, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology</p><p>e-mail: munira.munirovna@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">munira.munirovna@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Уфимский научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда и экологии человека»; ФГБНУ «Национальный научно-исследовательский институт общественного здоровья имени Н.А. Семашко»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology; N.A. Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда имени академика Н.Ф. Измерова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр гигиены им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Уфимский научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда и экологии человека»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>66</volume><issue>9</issue><fpage>610</fpage><lpage>618</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Каримов Д.О., Тоньшин А.А., Бидевкина М.В., Виноградова А.И., Рябова Ю.В., Гизатуллина А.А., Ахмадеев А.Р., Зиатдинова М.М., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Каримов Д.О., Тоньшин А.А., Бидевкина М.В., Виноградова А.И., Рябова Ю.В., Гизатуллина А.А., Ахмадеев А.Р., Зиатдинова М.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Karimov D.O., Tonshin A.A., Bidevkina M.V., Vinogradova A.I., Ryabova Y.V., Gizatullina A.A., Akhmadeev A.R., Ziatdinova M.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.journal-irioh.ru/jour/article/view/4289">https://www.journal-irioh.ru/jour/article/view/4289</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Прооксиданты — это вещества, способные вызывать окислительный стресс посредством генерации активных форм кислорода. Пероксид водорода относится к окислителям, биологический эффект которых определяется не только величиной дозы, но и состоянием антиоксидантных и детоксикационных систем клетки. Печень, являясь центральным органом биотрансформации ксенобиотиков, представляет интерес для оценки ранних молекулярных признаков адаптации к хроническому пероксидному воздействию. Разработка специфичных подходов к оценке прооксидантной активности химических веществ является актуальной задачей профилактической токсикологии.</p><p>Цель исследования — разработать специфичную тест-систему оценки прооксидантной активности токсикантов на основе метода анализа экспрессии генов печени крыс и продемонстрировать её возможности на примере определения порога хронического действия пероксида водорода при пероральном поступлении.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Исследование выполнено на образцах печени белых беспородных крыс-самок, получавших пероксид водорода внутрижелудочно в течение 6 месяцев в дозах 0,05; 0,5; 5 и 50 мг/кг. Контрольным животным вводили дистиллированную воду. Экспрессию генов NFE2L2, Gstp1, Gstt1 и Gstm определяли методом количественной ОТ-ПЦР в режиме real-time с нормализацией относительно Gapdh. Дополнительно рассчитывали интегральный показатель GST‑индекс как среднее значение экспрессии Gstp1, Gstt1 и Gstm.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. При воздействии 0,05 и 0,5 мг/кг статистически значимых изменений экспрессии GST-генов не установлено. При дозе 5 мг/кг выявлено значимое повышение NFE2L2 до 1,51±0,28, Gstp1 до 1,97±0,07, Gstt1 до 2,04±0,12, Gstm до 2,31±0,14 относительных единиц. GST-индекс увеличивался с 1,00±0,06 в контроле до 2,11±0,06 при 5 мг/кг и до 4,22±0,08 при 50 мг/кг. Расчёт benchmark dose для двукратного повышения GST-индекс дал BMD=4,06 мг/кг и BMDL=2,65 мг/кг.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Исследование выполнено на одной экспериментальной модели и одном прооксиданте, что ограничивает прямую экстраполяцию результатов на другие соединения. Анализ экспрессии генов отражал уровень мРНК и не включал определение соответствующих белков и активности ферментов GST. Полученные пороговые значения требуют подтверждения в независимых экспериментальных сериях.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о ступенчатой активации NFE2L2/GST-оси в печени при хроническом воздействии пероксида водорода, что позволяет использовать анализ экспрессии генов печени крыс в качестве специфичной тест-системы для оценки прооксидантыной активности химических веществ при их гигиеническом нормировании. Доза 5 мг/кг может рассматриваться как молекулярный порог компенсированного адаптивного ответа, при котором происходит включение ферментов второй фазы детоксикации без признаков тотальной транскрипционной декомпенсации.</p></sec><sec><title>Этика</title><p>Этика. Экспериментальное исследование проводилось с соблюдением необходимых нормативных актов (Хельсинкской декларации 2013 г., ГОСТ 33044–2014 «Принципы надлежащей лабораторной практики»; Приказ МЗ РФ № 188н от 01.04.2016 г. «Правила надлежащей лабораторной практики»). Протокол исследования был одобрен комиссией по этике ФБУН «ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора (протокол заседания № 7 от 21 октября 2024 г.).</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов:Каримов Д.О. — концепция и дизайн исследования, сбор и обработка экспериментальных данных, написание текста;Тоньшин А.А. — концепция и дизайн исследования, написание текста;Бидевкина М.В. — концепция и дизайн исследования, проведение экспериментов, написание текста;Виноградова А.И. — концепция и дизайн исследования, проведение экспериментов, сбор и обработка экспериментальных данных;Рябова Ю.В. — сбор и обработка экспериментальных данных;Гизатуллина А.А. — сбор и обработка экспериментальных данных;Ахмадеев А.Р. — сбор и обработка экспериментальных данных;Зиатдинова М.М. — сбор и обработка экспериментальных данных.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.</p></sec><sec><title>Дата поступления</title><p>Дата поступления: 15.09.2026 / Дата принятия к печати: 17.09.2026 / Дата публикации: 09.10.2026</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Prooxidants are substances capable of inducing oxidative stress through the generation of reactive oxygen species. Hydrogen peroxide belongs to the class of oxidizing agents, the biological effect of which is determined not only by the dose but also by the state of the cell’s antioxidant and detoxification systems. The liver, being the central organ for the biotransformation of xenobiotics, is of interest for assessing early molecular signs of adaptation to chronic peroxidative exposure. Developing specific approaches to assessing the prooxidant activity of chemical substances is an urgent task in preventive toxicology.</p><p>The study aims to develop a specific test system for assessing the pro oxidant activity of toxicants based on the method of analyzing gene expression in rat liver and to demonstrate its capabilities using the example of determining the threshold of chronic effect of hydrogen peroxide when administered orally.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Female outbred rats received hydrogen peroxide by gavage for 6 months at doses of 0.05, 0.5, 5 and 50 mg/kg. Control animals received distilled water. Gene expression in liver samples was assessed by real-time quantitative RT-PCR and normalized to Gapdh. An integral GST-index was calculated as the mean expression of Gstp1, Gstt1 and Gstm.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. At exposure levels of 0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg, no statistically significant changes in the expression of GST genes were detected. At a dose of 5 mg/kg, a significant increase was observed in NFE2L2 to 1.51±0.28, Gstp1 to 1.97±0.07, Gstt1 to 2.04±0.12, and Gstm to 2.31±0.14 relative units. The GST index increased from 1.00±0.06 in the control group to 2.11±0.06 at 5 mg/kg and to 4.22±0.08 at 50 mg/kg. The calculation of the benchmark dose for a twofold increase in the GST index yielded BMD=4.06 mg/kg and BMDL=2.65 mg/kg.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. The study was conducted using a single experimental model and a single pro oxidant, which limits the direct extrapolation of the results to other compounds. The gene expression analysis reflected the mRNA level and did not include the determination of the corresponding proteins and the activity of GST enzymes. The obtained threshold values require confirmation in independent experimental series.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The obtained data indicate a stepwise activation of the NFE2L2/GST axis in the liver under chronic exposure to hydrogen peroxide, which makes it possible to use the analysis of gene expression in rat liver as a specific test system for assessing the pro oxidant activity of chemicals during their hygienic regulation. A dose of 5 mg/kg can be considered as the molecular threshold of a compensated adaptive response, at which the enzymes of the second phase of detoxification are activated without signs of total transcriptional decompensation.</p></sec><sec><title>Ethics</title><p>Ethics. The experimental study was conducted in compliance with the necessary regulatory acts (the 2013 Helsinki Declaration, GOST 33044–2014 "Principles of Good Laboratory Practice"; Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 188n dated April 1, 2016, "Rules of Good Laboratory Practice"). The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Commission of the F.F. Chernousov Federal Research Center for Hygiene. "Erisman" of Rospotrebnadzor (minutes of meeting No. 7 dated October 21, 2024).</p></sec><sec><title>Contributions</title><p>Contributions:Karimov D.O. — research concept and design, collection and processing of experimental data, writing the text;Tonshin A.A. — research concept and design, text writing;Bidevkina M.V. — research concept and design, conducting experiments, text writing;Vinogradova A.I. — research concept and design, conducting experiments, collecting and processing experimental data;Ryabova Yu.V. — collection and processing of experimental data;Gizatullina A.A. — collecting and processing experimental data;Akhmadeev A.R. — collecting and processing experimental data;Ziatdinova M.M. — collecting and processing experimental data.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. The study had no funding.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: 15.09.2026 / Accepted: 17.09.2026 / Published: 09.10.2026</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>пероксид водорода</kwd><kwd>печень</kwd><kwd>окислительный стресс</kwd><kwd>NFE2L2</kwd><kwd>Nrf2</kwd><kwd>глутатион-S-трансфераза</kwd><kwd>Gstp1</kwd><kwd>Gstt1</kwd><kwd>Gstm</kwd><kwd>экспрессия генов</kwd><kwd>гигиеническое нормирование</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hydrogen peroxide</kwd><kwd>liver</kwd><kwd>oxidative stress</kwd><kwd>NFE2L2</kwd><kwd>Nrf2</kwd><kwd>glutathione S transferase</kwd><kwd>Gstp1</kwd><kwd>Gstt1</kwd><kwd>Gstm</kwd><kwd>gene expression</kwd><kwd>hygienic regulation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li N., Ragheb K, Lawler G., Sturgis J., Rajwa B., Melendez J.A., Robinson J.P. 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