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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">zurniimtpe</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицина труда и промышленная экология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1026-9428</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-8945</issn><publisher><publisher-name>FSBSI “Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31089/1026-9428-2026-66-5-334-344</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">awrwtf</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">zurniimtpe-4200</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LITERATURE REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Профессиональное выгорание у медицинских работников с позиций молекулярно‑генетического подхода</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Occupational burnout in healthcare workers from the perspective of a molecular genetic approach</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6031-5683</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зайдуллин</surname><given-names>Искандер Ильдарович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaydullin</surname><given-names>Iskander I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зав. отделом медицины труда, ФБУН «Уфимский научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда и экологии человека», канд. мед. наук</p><p>e-mail: iskanderdent@yahoo.com</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of the Department of Occupational Medicine, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Cand. of Sci. (Med.)</p><p>e-mail: iskanderdent@yahoo.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">iskanderdent@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9146-5625</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Валеева</surname><given-names>Эльвира Тимерьяновна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Valeeva</surname><given-names>Elvira T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гл. науч. сотр. отдела медицины труда ФБУН «Уфимский научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда и экологии человека», проф. каф. терапии и профессиональных болезней с курсом ИДПО ФГБОУ ВО «Башкирский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России, д-р мед. наук</p><p>e-mail: oozr@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Chief Researcher of the Department of Occupational Medicine, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology, Professor of the Department of Therapy and Occupational Diseases with a Course in Occupational Medicine, Bashkir State Medical University, Dr. of Sci. (Med.)</p><p>e-mail: oozr@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">oozr@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0195-8862</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Масягутова</surname><given-names>Ляйля Марселевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Masyagutova</surname><given-names>Lyaylya M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гл. науч. сотр. отдела медицины труда ФБУН «Уфимский научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда и экологии человека», доц. каф. терапии и профессиональных болезней с курсом ИДПО ФГБОУ ВО «Башкирский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России, д-р мед. наук</p><p>e-mail: kdl.ufa@rambler.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Chief Researcher of the Department of Occupational Medicine, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology, Associate Professor of the Department of Therapy and Occupational Diseases with a course in Occupational Medicine, Bashkir State Medical University, Dr. of Sci. (Med.)</p><p>e-mail: kdl.ufa@rambler.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kdl.ufa@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8144-2756</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гизатуллина</surname><given-names>Айсылу Рустамовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gizatullina</surname><given-names>Aysylu R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Врач-эпидемиолог ГБУЗ РБ «Городская клиническая больница № 5»</p><p>e-mail: lk-2005@bk.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Epidemiologist, City Clinical Hospital No. 5</p><p>e-mail: lk-2005@bk.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lk-2005@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Уфимский научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда и экологии человека»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Уфимский научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда и экологии человека»; ФГБОУ ВО «Башкирский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology; Bashkir State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ РБ «Городская клиническая больница № 5»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>City Clinical Hospital No. 5</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>66</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>334</fpage><lpage>344</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Зайдуллин И.И., Валеева Э.Т., Масягутова Л.М., Гизатуллина А.Р., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зайдуллин И.И., Валеева Э.Т., Масягутова Л.М., Гизатуллина А.Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zaydullin I.I., Valeeva E.T., Masyagutova L.M., Gizatullina A.R.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.journal-irioh.ru/jour/article/view/4200">https://www.journal-irioh.ru/jour/article/view/4200</self-uri><abstract><p>Синдром профессионального выгорания среди медицинских работников, обусловленный воздействием непроизводственных и комплекса вредных производственных факторов и факторов трудового процесса (высокая напряжённость, биологический, химический, физический факторы), приобрёл характер эпидемии, угрожая как здоровью работников, так и безопасности пациентов. Данный синдром рассматривается как пролонгированный профессиональный стресс, реализующийся в срыве адаптации при хроническом воздействии высоких нервно-эмоциональных нагрузок. В основе патогенеза лежит функциональное перенапряжение нервной системы, причиной которого являются психоэмоциональные нагрузки в условиях высокой напряжённости трудового процесса (класс 3.2–3.3). Традиционные модели, объясняющие выгорание исключительно факторами рабочей среды, не могут в полной мере объяснить индивидуальную вариабельность стрессоустойчивости.</p><p>Настоящий обзор систематизирует современные данные о генетических и эпигенетических детерминантах вариабельности в рамках биопсихосоциальной модели и концепции «дифференциальной восприимчивости».</p><p>Результаты анализа литературы демонстрируют, что индивидуальный профиль уязвимости к выгоранию формируется полиморфизмами в генах, регулирующих ключевые нейробиологические системы: дофаминергическую (гены COMT, DRD2, DRD4, SLC6A3), серотонинергическую (SLC6A4, HTR1A, HTR2A), нейропластичность (BDNF) и циркадные ритмы (PER3). Особое внимание уделяется полиморфизму Val158Met гена COMT и Val66Met гена BDNF, которые в условиях хронического стресса выступают маркерами пластичности, опосредуя как уязвимость, так и устойчивость. Эпигенетические механизмы (метилирование ДНК генов SLC6A4, NR3C1, DRD2, изменение экспрессии микроРНК и реактивация эндогенных ретровирусов) представляют собой динамическое звено, связывающее хронический профессиональный стресс с молекулярно-клеточными изменениями.</p><p>Проведённый анализ выявляет методологические ограничения существующих исследований, включая преобладание подхода «генов-кандидатов» и отсутствие исследований, выполненных методом полногеномного поиска ассоциаций. Перспективы преодоления проблемы лежат в плоскости персонализированной медицины труда: использовании генетических данных для оптимизации графиков работы, таргетной профилактики среди групп риска и внедрении предиктивного биомониторинга на основе эпигенетических маркеров. Для клинической валидации необходим переход к масштабным лонгитюдным исследованиям.</p><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов:Зайдуллин И.И. — концепция и дизайн исследования, написание текста;Валеева Э.Т. — написание текста, редактирование;Масягутова Л.М. — написание текста, редактирование;Гизатуллина А.Р. — сбор и обработка материала, статистическая обработка данных.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.</p></sec><sec><title>Дата поступления</title><p>Дата поступления: 05.05.2026 / Дата принятия к печати: 15.05.2026 / Дата публикации: 27.06.2026</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The syndrome of professional burnout among medical workers, caused by exposure to non-industrial and a complex of harmful production factors and factors of the labor process (high tension, biological, chemical, physical factors), has acquired the character of an epidemic, threatening both the health of workers and the safety of patients. This syndrome is considered as prolonged occupational stress, which is realized in the disruption of adaptation to chronic exposure to high neuropsychiatric stress. The pathogenesis is based on functional overstrain of the nervous system, which is caused by psychoemotional stress in conditions of high intensity of the labor process (class 3.2–3.3). Traditional models that explain burnout solely by factors of the work environment cannot fully explain the individual variability of stress tolerance.</p><p>This review systematizes current data on the genetic and epigenetic determinants of variability within the framework of the biopsychosocial model and the concept of "differential susceptibility."</p><p>The results of the literature analysis demonstrate that the individual vulnerability profile to burnout is formed by polymorphisms in genes regulating key neurobiological systems: dopaminergic (COMT, DRD2, DRD4, SLC6A3 genes), serotonergic (SLC6A4, HTR1A, HTR2A), neuroplasticity (BDNF) and circadian rhythms (PER3). The authors paid special attention to the polymorphisms Val158Met of the COMT gene and Val66Met of the BDNF gene, which acted as markers of plasticity under chronic stress, mediating both vulnerability and resistance. Epigenetic mechanisms (DNA methylation of the SLC6A4, NR3C1, and DRD2 genes, changes in microRNA expression, and reactivation of endogenous retroviruses) are a dynamic link linking chronic occupational stress with molecular and cellular changes.</p><p>The analysis reveals the methodological limitations of existing studies, including the predominance of the "candidate genes" approach and the lack of studies performed using the genome-wide association search method. The prospects for overcoming the problem lie in the field of personalized occupational health: the use of genetic data to optimize work schedules, targeted prevention among risk groups, and the introduction of predictive biomonitoring based on epigenetic markers. For clinical validation, a transition to large-scale longitudinal studies is necessary.</p><sec><title>Contributions</title><p>Contributions:Zaidullin I.I. — concept and design of the study, writing the text;Valeeva E.T. — writing, editing;Masyagutova L.M. — writing text, editing;Gizatullina A.R. — collection and processing of material, statistical data processing.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. The study had no funding.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: 05.05.2026 / Accepted: 15.05.2026 / Published: 27.06.2026</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>профессиональное выгорание</kwd><kwd>медицинские работники</kwd><kwd>генетический полиморфизм</kwd><kwd>дифференциальная восприимчивость</kwd><kwd>персонализированная медицина</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>professional burnout</kwd><kwd>medical professionals</kwd><kwd>genetic polymorphism</kwd><kwd>differential susceptibility</kwd><kwd>personalized medicine</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ратушная Н.Ш., Елисеева Ю.В. Гигиеническая оценка влияния условий труда и психологической обстановки в коллективе на риск развития эмоционального выгорания у медицинских работников. 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