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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">zurniimtpe</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицина труда и промышленная экология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1026-9428</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-8945</issn><publisher><publisher-name>FSBSI “Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31089/1026-9428-2026-66-4-253-259</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">kdkoog</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">zurniimtpe-4171</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Изучение транскрипционной активности транспозона LINE1 при хроническом воздействии хлорида кадмия</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Study of the transcriptional activity of transposon LINE1 under chronic exposure to cadmium chloride</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1962-2323</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каримов</surname><given-names>Денис Дмитриевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karimov</surname><given-names>Denis D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зав. лаб. генетики отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда и экологи человека»; доц. каф. биохимии, биотехнологии и физиологии Института природы и человека ФГБОУ ВО «Уфимский университет науки и технологий», канд. биол. наук</p><p>e-mail: karriden@gmail.com</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of the Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Toxicology and Genetics (Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology); Associate Professor of the Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Physiology of Institute of Human and Nature (Ufa University of Science and Technology), Cand. of Sci. (Biol.)</p><p>e-mail: karriden@gmail.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">karriden@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7456-4787</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мухаммадиева</surname><given-names>Гузель Фанисовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Muhammadiyeva</surname><given-names>Guzel F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ст. науч. сотр. лаб. генетики отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда и экологи человека», канд. биол. наук</p><p>e-mail: fbun@uniimtech.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Senior Researcher in Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Toxicology and Genetics (Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology), Cand. of Sci. (Biol.)</p><p>e-mail: fbun@uniimtech.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">fbun@uniimtech.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2677-0479</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рябова</surname><given-names>Юлия Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryabova</surname><given-names>Yulia V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зав. лаб. токсикологии отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда и экологи человека», канд. мед. наук</p><p>e-mail: fbun@uniimtech.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Toxicology and Genetics (Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology), Cand. of Sci. (Med.)</p><p>e-mail: fbun@uniimtech.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">fbun@uniimtech.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8798-0846</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Репина</surname><given-names>Эльвира Фаридовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Repina</surname><given-names>Elvira F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ст. науч. сотр. лаборатории токсикологии отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда и экологи человека», канд. мед. наук</p><p>e-mail: fbun@uniimtech.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Toxicology and Genetics (Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology), Cand. of Sci. (Med.)</p><p>e-mail: fbun@uniimtech.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">fbun@uniimtech.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7957-2399</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смолянкин</surname><given-names>Денис Анатольевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Smolyankin</surname><given-names>Denis A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Науч. сотр. лаб. токсикологии отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда и экологи человека»</p><p>e-mail: fbun@uniimtech.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher in Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Toxicology and Genetics (Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology)</p><p>e-mail: fbun@uniimtech.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">fbun@uniimtech.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7321-0864</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гизатуллина</surname><given-names>Алина Анваровна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gizatullina</surname><given-names>Alina A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мл. науч. сотр. лаб. генетики отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда и экологи человека»</p><p>e-mail: fbun@uniimtech.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior researcher in Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Toxicology and Genetics (Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology)</p><p>e-mail: fbun@uniimtech.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">fbun@uniimtech.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0039-6757</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каримов</surname><given-names>Денис Олегович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karimov</surname><given-names>Denis O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зав. отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда и экологи человека», вед. науч. сотр. Национального научно-исследовательского института общественного здоровья имени Н.А. Семашко, канд. мед. наук</p><p>e-mail: fbun@uniimtech.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of Department of Toxicology and Genetics (Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology); Chief Researcher of National Research Institute of Public Health named N.A. Semashko, Cand. of Sci. (Med.)</p><p>e-mail: fbun@uniimtech.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">fbun@uniimtech.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Уфимский научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда и экологии человека»; ФГБОУ ВО «Уфимский университет науки и технологий»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology; Ufa University of Science and Technology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Уфимский научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда и экологии человека»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Уфимский научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда и экологии человека»; ФГБНУ «Национальный научно-исследовательский институт общественного здоровья имени Н.А. Семашко»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology; N.A. Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health»</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>66</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>253</fpage><lpage>259</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Каримов Д.Д., Мухаммадиева Г.Ф., Рябова Ю.В., Репина Э.Ф., Смолянкин Д.А., Гизатуллина А.А., Каримов Д.О., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Каримов Д.Д., Мухаммадиева Г.Ф., Рябова Ю.В., Репина Э.Ф., Смолянкин Д.А., Гизатуллина А.А., Каримов Д.О.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Karimov D.D., Muhammadiyeva G.F., Ryabova Y.V., Repina E.F., Smolyankin D.A., Gizatullina A.A., Karimov D.O.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.journal-irioh.ru/jour/article/view/4171">https://www.journal-irioh.ru/jour/article/view/4171</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Транспозоны представляют собой последовательности ДНК, способные перемещаться по геному. LINE1 является единственным автономным транспозоном, который все ещё активно реплицируется у человека, играя таким образом ключевую роль в эволюции и регуляции генома. Повышенная подвижность LINE1 наблюдалась в результате воздействия некоторых известных канцерогенов, таких как тяжёлые металлы, бенз(а)пирен и бисфенол А.</p><p>Цель исследования — изучение уровня экспрессии транспозонов LINE1 в почках и печени модельных животных, подвергнутых хроническому воздействию различных доз хлорида кадмия.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Для эксперимента были сформированы пять групп крыс линии Wistar (всего 72, по 7 самцов и самок в опытных группах и по 8 в контрольной группе). Опытные группы получали раствор хлорида кадмия в воде в дозировках 0,001; 0,01; 0,1 и 1 мг/кг.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Наблюдалось дозозависимое повышение уровня транскрипции LINE1, однако статистический анализ не показал достоверного повышения уровня относительной экспрессии транспозона. При оценке дисперсий выявлены значимые отличия от контрольной группы у животных, подвергавшихся воздействию больших доз токсиканта. Показаны слабые ассоциации между уровнями относительной экспрессии генов металлотинеинов и транспозона.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Исследование проведено на крысах, его результаты не могут быть автоматически перенесены на человека. Полученные уровни относительной экспрессии транспозонов сильно подвержены случайным колебаниям, что, вместе с небольшим размером исследованной выборки, обусловливает необходимость дальнейших исследований на большей выборке для получения более достоверных результатов.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Полученные результаты позволяют говорить о наличии кадмий-индуцированной активации транскрипции транспозона LINE1 в органах крыс, однако результат не достиг уровня статистической значимости. При этом увеличение дисперсии в экспериментальных группах позволяет предположить, что активация зависит от множества факторов, опосредующих ответ на токсическое воздействие.</p></sec><sec><title>Этика</title><p>Этика. Исследование одобрено биоэтической комиссией ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека» 11.12.2023 г. № 01–12. Животные на протяжении всего исследования находились в стандартных условиях с двенадцатичасовым искусственным освещением в дневное время, относительно постоянным уровнем влажности (30–70%) и температурой воздуха плюс 20–25°С. Манипуляции со всеми животными проводились строго с соблюдением правил, изложенных в базисных нормативных документах, в том числе в «Европейской конвенции по защите позвоночных животных, используемых для экспериментальных и других научных целей» (Strasbourg, 1986) и Хельсинкской декларации о гуманном отношении к животным.</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов:Каримов Д.Д. — концепция и дизайн исследования, проведение ПЦР, сбор и обработка материала, статистическая обработка данных, написание текста, редактирование;Мухаммадиева Г.Ф. — выделение РНК, проведение ПЦР, сбор материала, редактирование;Рябова Ю.В. — концепция и дизайн исследования, организация эксперимента, сбор материала;Репина Э.Ф. — концепция и дизайн исследования, сбор и обработка материала;|Гизатуллина А.А. — проведение ПЦР, сбор материала, редактирование;Смолянкин Д.А. — проведение экспериментов на животных, сбор материала;Каримов Д.О. — концепция и дизайн исследования, организация эксперимента, статистическая обработка данных, редактирование.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Отраслевая научно-исследовательская программа Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека на 2021–2025 гг., п. 6.1.9 «Экспериментальное обоснование высокочувствительных маркёров воздействия токсичных металлов на организм и разработка мер профилактики».</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.</p></sec><sec><title>Дата поступления</title><p>Дата поступления: 29.12.2025 / Дата принятия к печати: 28.04.2026 / Дата публикации: 02.06.2026</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Transposons are DNA sequences capable of moving through the genome. LINE1 is the only autonomous transposon that is still actively replicated in humans, thus playing a key role in the evolution and regulation of the genome. The experts have observed increased mobility of LINE1 as a result of exposure to certain known carcinogens, such as heavy metals, benz(a)pyrene and bisphenol A.</p><p>The study aims to research the expression level of LINE1 transposons in the kidneys and liver of model animals exposed to chronic exposure to various doses of cadmium chloride.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Five groups of Wistar rats (72 in total, 7 males and 7 females in the experimental groups and 8 males and 8 females in control group) were formed for the experiment. Experimental groups received a cadmium chloride solution in water at doses of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/kg.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The authors observed a dose-dependent increase in the level of LINE1 transcription, but statistical analysis did not show a significant increase in the level of relative transposon expression. The evaluation of the variances revealed significant differences from the control group in animals exposed to high doses of the toxicant. There are weak associations between the levels of relative expression of metallotineins and transposon genes.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. The study was conducted on rats, and its results cannot be automatically transferred to humans. The obtained levels of relative transposon expression are highly susceptible to random fluctuations, which, together with the small size of the studied sample, necessitates further research on a larger sample in order to obtain more reliable results.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The results obtained suggest the presence of cadmium-induced activation of transposon LINE1 transcription in rat organs, but the result did not reach the level of statistical significance. At the same time, the increase in variance in the experimental groups suggests that activation depends on a variety of factors mediating the response to toxic effects.</p></sec><sec><title>Ethics</title><p>Ethics. The study was approved by the bioethical Commission of the Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology on 11.12.2023 No. 01-12. Throughout the study, the animals were kept in standard conditions with twelve hours of artificial light during the daytime, a relatively constant humidity level (30–70%) and an air temperature of plus 20–25°C. Manipulations with all animals were carried out strictly in compliance with the rules set out in the basic regulatory documents, including the "European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes" (Strasbourg, 1986) and the Helsinki Declaration on Humane Treatment of Animals.</p></sec><sec><title>Contributions</title><p>Contributions:Karimov D.D. — research concept and design, PCR, material collection and processing, statistical data processing, text writing, editing;Mukhammadieva G.F. — RNA isolation, PCR, material collection, editing;Ryabova Yu.V. — concept and design of research, organization of experiment, collection of material;Repina E.F. — concept and design of research, collection and processing of material;Gizatullina A.A. — conducting PCR, collecting material, editing;Smolyankin D.A. — conducting experiments on animals, collecting material;Karimov D.O. — research concept and design, experimental organization, statistical data processing, editing.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. Industry research program of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well‑being for 2021-2025, p. 6.1.9 "Experimental substantiation of highly sensitive markers of toxic metal exposure to the body and development of preventive measures".</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: 29.12.2025 / Accepted: 28.04.2026 / Published: 02.06.2026</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>тяжёлые металлы</kwd><kwd>транспозон</kwd><kwd>LINE1</kwd><kwd>кадмий</kwd><kwd>хлорид кадмия</kwd><kwd>токсическое воздействие</kwd><kwd>металлотинеины</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>heavy metals</kwd><kwd>transposon</kwd><kwd>LINE1</kwd><kwd>cadmium</kwd><kwd>cadmium chloride</kwd><kwd>toxic effects</kwd><kwd>metallotineins</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qing Y., Yang J., Zhu Y., Li Y., Zheng W., Wu M. et al. Dose-response evaluation of urinary cadmium and kidney injury biomarkers in Chinese residents and dietary limit standards. Environ. 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