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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">zurniimtpe</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицина труда и промышленная экология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1026-9428</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-8945</issn><publisher><publisher-name>FSBSI “Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31089/1026-9428-2026-66-3-197-207</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">mknxgq</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">zurniimtpe-4131</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Сравнительная оценка экспериментальных моделей острого респираторного дистресс-синдрома, вызванного хлором у мелких лабораторных животных</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Use of liquid ventilation for the treatment of toxic pulmonary edema</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3627-7031</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бонитенко</surname><given-names>Евгений Юрьевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bonitenko</surname><given-names>Evgeniy Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гл. науч. сотр. лаб. токсикологии, д-р мед. наук</p><p>e-mail: eu_bonitenko@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Chief Researcher of the Toxicology Laboratory, Dr. of Sci. (Med.)</p><p>e-mail: eu_bonitenko@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">eu_bonitenko@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0321-2829</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исабеков</surname><given-names>Николай Ринатович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Isabekov</surname><given-names>Nikolai R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зав. отделением реанимации и интенсивной терапии</p><p>e-mail: isabekov.nikolai@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of the Intensive Care and Resuscitation Unit</p><p>e-mail: isabekov.nikolai@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">isabekov.nikolai@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тоньшин</surname><given-names>Антон Александрович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tonshin</surname><given-names>Anton A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зав. лаб. токсикологии, канд. биол. наук</p><p>e-mail: atonshin@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of the Toxicology Laboratory, Cand. of Sci. (Biol.)</p><p>e-mail: atonshin@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">atonshin@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Блинцова</surname><given-names>Наталия Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Blinzova</surname><given-names>Natalia V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зав. виварием лаборатории токсикологии</p><p>e-mail: info@irioh.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of the Toxicology Laboratory Vivarium</p><p>e-mail: info@irioh.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">info@irioh.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крикунов</surname><given-names>Олег Валерьевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Krikunov</surname><given-names>Oleg V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Вед. науч. сотр. лаб. токсикологии, канд. техн. наук</p><p>e-mail: kovrnt@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Leading Researcher of the Toxicology Laboratory, Cand. of Sci. (Tech.)</p><p>e-mail: kovrnt@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kovrnt@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9746-9530</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Герасимиди</surname><given-names>София Константиновна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gerasimidi</surname><given-names>Sofia K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Науч. сотр., подразделение: рабочая группа по Государственному Контракту шифр «осмотр СПП»</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, Unit: Working Group under State Contract, code “SPP inspection”</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ткачук</surname><given-names>Юлия Валерьевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tkachuk</surname><given-names>Yulia V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Науч. сотр., подразделение: рабочая группа шифр «Сетунь-М».</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, Unit: Working Group, code "Setun-M".</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда имени академика Н.Ф. Измерова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>66</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>197</fpage><lpage>207</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бонитенко Е.Ю., Исабеков Н.Р., Тоньшин А.А., Блинцова Н.В., Крикунов О.В., Герасимиди С.К., Ткачук Ю.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бонитенко Е.Ю., Исабеков Н.Р., Тоньшин А.А., Блинцова Н.В., Крикунов О.В., Герасимиди С.К., Ткачук Ю.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bonitenko E.Y., Isabekov N.R., Tonshin A.A., Blinzova N.V., Krikunov O.V., Gerasimidi S.K., Tkachuk Y.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.journal-irioh.ru/jour/article/view/4131">https://www.journal-irioh.ru/jour/article/view/4131</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Острый респираторный дистресс-синдром (ОРДС) токсического генеза, развивающийся при воздействии пульмонотоксикантов, является одной из наиболее тяжёлых форм поражения дыхательной системы, характеризуется прогрессирующим повреждением альвеолярно-капиллярной мембраны, нарушением газообмена и развитием токсического отёка лёгких (ТОЛ). Разработка адекватных экспериментальных моделей, воспроизводящих патогенетические механизмы данного процесса, является необходимым условием для доклинической оценки новых методов медикаментозной и респираторной терапии.</p><p>Цель исследования — обосновать возможность использования инстилляционных моделей в качестве альтернативы ингаляционным при изучении новых методов медикаментозной и респираторной терапии токсического отёка лёгких у мелких лабораторных животных.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Исследование выполнено на половозрелых самцах крыс линии Wistar. В качестве инициирующих факторов использовали ингаляцию газообразного хлора (Cl₂) в концентрации 35 мг/л в течение 15 мин. и интратрахеальное введение 0,2М раствора соляной кислоты (HCl) в дозе 2,0 мл/кг. После экспозиции животные переводились на искусственную вентиляцию лёгких. Оценивали клинические проявления, сатурацию кислорода (SpO₂), частоту сердечных сокращений (ЧСС), продолжительность выживания, развитие альвеолярной стадии ТОЛ и результаты некропсии.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Показано, что как ингаляция газообразного хлора, так и интратрахеальная инстилляция раствора HCl приводят к формированию воспроизводимой экспериментальной модели ТОЛ. В обеих моделях регистрировалось развитие выраженной гипоксемии со снижением SpO₂ ниже 80% в среднем через 25–30 мин. после начала эксперимента, тахикардия до 280–309 уд/мин, появление клинических признаков альвеолярной стадии ТОЛ и летальный исход. Общая продолжительность выживания в инстилляционной модели составила 30,6±3,3 мин., в ингаляционной — 41,6±3,0 мин., а продолжительность выживания в альвеолярной стадии — 12,5±1,1 и 13,5±4,5 мин. соответственно. При некропсии во всех случаях выявлялось большое количество отёчной жидкости в трахее и бронхах, полнокровие лёгких и отсутствие воздушных участков.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Исследование выполнено на ограниченном числе животных одного вида (крысы линии Wistar), что может ограничивать экстраполяцию полученных результатов на другие виды и на человека. Кроме того, моделирование проводилось в условиях острого воздействия токсикантов и не учитывало возможные отдалённые эффекты. Следует также учитывать, что инстилляционный способ введения не в полной мере воспроизводит физиологические особенности ингаляционного поступления токсиканта.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Разработанные ингаляционная и инстилляционная модели токсического отёка лёгких, воспроизводящие тяжёлую форму острого респираторного дистресс-синдрома токсического генеза у крыс линии Wistar, являются патогенетически обоснованными, сопоставимыми по основным характеристикам и могут рассматриваться как взаимодополняющие подходы для экспериментального моделирования поражений лёгких, вызванных пульмонотоксикантами, с возможностью их использования при доклинической оценке эффективности лекарственных средств и методов респираторной терапии, а также при изучении патогенеза данных состояний.</p></sec><sec><title>Этика</title><p>Этика. Исследования с участием лабораторных животных проходили с соблюдением следующих нормативных актов: Хельсинкской декларации 2000 г. «О гуманном отношении к животным», Приказа Минздравсоцразвития России № 199н от 01.04.2016 г. «Об утверждении правил лабораторной практики». Протокол исследования был одобрен этическим комитетом ФГБНУ «НИИ МП им. Н.Ф. Измерова» Протокол № 4 от 25 мая 2022 года.</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов:Бонитенко Е.Ю. — концепция и дизайн исследования, написание текста, редактирование;Исабеков Н.Р. — сбор и обработка данных, написание текста;Тоньшин А.А. — дизайн исследования, разработка экспериментального образца аппарата жидкостной искусственной вентиляции лёгких, написание текста;Блинцова Н.В. — сбор и обработка данных;Крикунов О.В. — сбор и обработка данных;Герасимиди С.К. — сбор и обработка данных;Ткачук Ю.В. — сбор и обработка данных.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Работа была выполнена в рамках государственного задания, код темы FGFE-2024-0003.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.</p></sec><sec><title>Дата поступления</title><p>Дата поступления: 10.03.2026 / Дата принятия к печати: 13.04.2026 / Дата публикации: 25.04.2026</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Toxic acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by pulmonary toxicants represents one of the most severe forms of respiratory injury and is characterized by progressive damage to the alveolar-capillary membrane, impaired gas exchange, and the development of the toxic pulmonary edema (PE). The development of experimental models that adequately reproduce the pathogenetic mechanisms of this process is a necessary condition for preclinical evaluation of new pharmacological and respiratory therapies.</p><p>The aim of the study is to substantiate the possibility of using instillation models as an alternative to inhalation models in the study of new methods of drug and respiratory therapy for toxic PE in small laboratory animals.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The study was performed on adult male Wistar rats. Toxic lung injury was induced by inhalation of chlorine gas (Cl₂) at a concentration of 35 mg/l for 15 minutes and by intratracheal instillation of 0.2M hydrochloric acid (HCl) at a dose of 2.0 ml/kg. After exposure, animals were transferred to mechanical ventilation. Clinical signs, oxygen saturation (SpO₂), heart rate (HR), survival time, development of the alveolar stage of pulmonary edema, and necropsy findings were assessed.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. It was shown that both inhalation of chlorine gas and intratracheal instillation of HCl solution lead to the formation of a reproducible experimental model of toxic PE. In both models, marked hypoxemia was observed with a decrease in SpO₂ below 80% on average 25–30 minutes after the start of the experiment, tachycardia up to 280–309 beats/min, development of clinical signs of the alveolar stage of toxic pulmonary edema, and a lethal outcome. The mean overall survival time was 30.6±3.3 minutes in the instillation model and 41.6±3.0 minutes in the inhalation model; survival time in the alveolar stage was 12.5±1.1 and 13.5±4.5 minutes, respectively. Necropsy in all cases revealed a large amount of edematous fluid in the trachea and bronchi, pulmonary congestion, and absence of aerated lung areas.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. The study was conducted on a limited number of animals of a single species (Wistar rats), which may limit the extrapolation of the obtained results to other species and to humans. In addition, the modeling was performed under conditions of acute toxicant exposure and did not account for possible long-term effects. It should also be noted that the instillation route of administration does not fully reproduce the physiological features of inhalation exposure to the toxicant.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. The developed inhalation and instillation models of toxic pulmonary edema, reproducing a severe form of toxic acute respiratory distress syndrome in Wistar rats, are pathogenetically substantiated, comparable in their main characteristics, and can be considered complementary approaches for experimental modeling of lung injury caused by pulmonary toxicants, with potential application in the preclinical evaluation of drug efficacy and respiratory therapy methods, as well as in the study of the pathogenesis of these conditions.</p></sec><sec><title>Ethics</title><p>Ethics. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The Clinical Study Protocol was reviewed at a meeting of the local Ethics Committee of Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health. Protocol No.4 of May 25, 2022.</p></sec><sec><title>Contribution</title><p>Contribution:Bonitenko E.Yu. — concept and design of the study, writing text, editing;Isabekov N.R. — data collection and processing, text writing;Tonshin A.A. — study design, development of an experimental sample of a liquid artificial lung ventilation device, text writing;Blintsova N.V. — data collection and processing;Krikunov O.V. — data collection and processing;Gerasimidi S.K. — data collection and processing;Tkachuk Y.V.— data collection and processing.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. The work was performed within the framework of the state assignment, the subject code FGFE-2024-0003.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interests</title><p>Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: 10.03.2026 / Accepted: 13.04.2026 / Published: 25.04.2026</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>токсический отёк лёгких</kwd><kwd>острый респираторный дистресс-синдром</kwd><kwd>острое отравление хлором</kwd><kwd>экспериментальная модель патологии</kwd><kwd>искусственная вентиляция лёгких</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>toxic pulmonary edema</kwd><kwd>acute respiratory distress syndrome</kwd><kwd>acute chlorine poisoning</kwd><kwd>experimental model of pathology</kwd><kwd>mechanical ventilation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Федеральная служба по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека. Государственный доклад. 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