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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">zurniimtpe</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицина труда и промышленная экология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1026-9428</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-8945</issn><publisher><publisher-name>FSBSI “Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31089/1026-9428-2025-65-12-829-834</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">ygtdhj</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">zurniimtpe-4013</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Изучение изменения экспрессии апоптотических генов в печени лабораторных животных, подвергавшихся субхроническому воздействию фенола и/или бензола</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Changes in apoptotic gene expression in the liver of laboratory animals following subchronic exposure to phenol and/or benzene</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8794-7288</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кикоть</surname><given-names>Анна Михайловна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kikot</surname><given-names>Anna M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Науч. сотр. отдела молекулярной биологии и электронной микроскопии ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора.</p><p>e-mail: kikotam@ymrc.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Research Fellow, Department of Molecular Biology and Electron Microscopy, Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers.</p><p>e-mail: kikotam@ymrc.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kikotam@ymrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4109-9268</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Берёза</surname><given-names>Иван Андреевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bereza</surname><given-names>Ivan A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Науч. сотр. отдела молекулярной биологии и электронной микроскопии ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора.</p><p>e-mail: berezaia@ymrc.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Research Fellow, Department of Molecular Biology and Electron Microscopy, Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers.</p><p>e-mail: berezaia@ymrc.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">berezaia@ymrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7029-3406</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шаихова</surname><given-names>Дарья Рамильевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shaikhova</surname><given-names>Daria R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Науч. сотр. отдела молекулярной биологии и электронной микроскопии ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора.</p><p>e-mail: darya.boo@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Research Fellow, Department of Molecular Biology and Electron Microscopy, Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers.</p><p>e-mail:  darya.boo@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">darya.boo@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1743-7642</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сутункова</surname><given-names>Марина Петровна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sutunkova</surname><given-names>Marina P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Директор ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора; зав. кафедрой гигиены и медицины труда ФГБОУ ВО «Уральский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России, д-р мед. наук.</p><p>e-mail: sutunkova@ymrc.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Director, Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers; Head of the Department of Occupational Hygiene and Medicine, Ural State Medical University, Dr. of Sci. (Med.).</p><p>e-mail: sutunkova@ymrc.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sutunkova@ymrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0097-7845</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Минигалиева</surname><given-names>Ильзира Амировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Minigalieva</surname><given-names>Ilzira A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зав. отделом токсикологии и биопрофилакти ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора, д-р биол. наук.</p><p>e-mail: ilzira-minigalieva@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of the Department of Toxicology and Bioprophylaxis, Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Dr. of Sci. (Biol.).</p><p>e-mail: ilzira@ymrc.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ilzira-minigalieva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8284-0008</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шабардина</surname><given-names>Лада Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shabardina</surname><given-names>Lada V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мл. науч. сотр. отдела токсикологии и биопрофилактики ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора.</p><p>e-mail: shabardinalv@ymrc.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Department of Toxicology and Bioprophylaxis, Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers.</p><p>e-mail: shabardinalv@ymrc.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shabardinalv@ymrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора; ФГБОУ ВО «Уральский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers; Ural State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>65</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>829</fpage><lpage>834</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кикоть А.М., Берёза И.А., Шаихова Д.Р., Сутункова М.П., Минигалиева И.А., Шабардина Л.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кикоть А.М., Берёза И.А., Шаихова Д.Р., Сутункова М.П., Минигалиева И.А., Шабардина Л.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kikot A.M., Bereza I.A., Shaikhova D.R., Sutunkova M.P., Minigalieva I.A., Shabardina L.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.journal-irioh.ru/jour/article/view/4013">https://www.journal-irioh.ru/jour/article/view/4013</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Бензол и фенол являются широко распространёнными токсинами, поступающими в окружающую среду с промышленными выбросами, являясь типичными представителями коксохимического производства, а также автомобильными выхлопами и табачным дымом. Их воздействие создаёт риски для здоровья населения и особенно для работников производств. Токсичность данных соединений связана с индукцией окислительного стресса, который способен вызывать апоптоз клеток. Изучение воздействия бензола и фенола на экспрессию генов, регулирующих апоптоз в печени, важно для выявления механизмов токсичности и поиска ранних биомаркеров ответа.</p><p>Цель исследования — изучить изменение экспрессии генов p53, casp3, casp9 в печени лабораторных животных, подвергавшихся субхроническому воздействию фенола и/или бензола для уточнения механизма их изолированного и комбинированного действия.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Эксперимент проводился на белых самках крыс, которые были разделены на 4 группы: «Бензол», «Фенол», «Бензол+Фенол» и «Контроль», по 10 особей в каждой. Интоксикация проводилась путём внутрижелудочного введения 3 раза в неделю в течение 4 недель в разовой дозе — бензола — 100 мг/кг м.т. и фенола 15,85 мг/кг м.т. По завершению эксперимента проводили полную декапитацию животных и для анализа экспрессии генов фиксировали фрагменты печени с последующим выделением РНК, на матрице которой синтезировали кДНК. Уровень экспрессии генов casp3, casp9 и p53 определяли с помощью количественной ПЦР в реальном времени. Статистический анализ данных проводили с помощью U-критерий Манна–Уитни в программе Statistica (StatSoft).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Уровень экспрессия гена р53 был достоверно ниже в 2,86 раза в группе животных «Бензол+Фенол» по сравнению с контрольной группой (р=0,0095). Также наблюдалась тенденция к снижению уровня экспрессии р53 в печени в группе животных с воздействием только бензола, но она не достигла уровня статистической значимости (р=0,057). Экспрессия генов casp3 и casp9 достоверно не различалась между опытными группами и контролем.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Проведённое исследование выполняли на самках крыс породы Wistar без учёта возможных межполовых различий.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Совместное введение бензола и фенола подавляет экспрессию гена p53 в печени животных, не изменяя экспрессию генов casp3 и casp9, что может свидетельствовать о нарушении p53-зависимом пути апоптоза. Для уточнения механизмов токсичности необходимы дальнейшие исследования.</p></sec><sec><title>Этика</title><p>Этика. Заключение локального этического комитета ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП Роспотребнадзора: содержание, питание, уход за животными и выведение их из эксперимента осуществляли в соответствии с общепринятыми требованиями с учётом ARRIVE Guidelines. Исследования были одобрены локальным этическим комитетом ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП Роспотребнадзора (протокол № 2 от 11.01.2024 г.).</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов:Кикоть А.М. — сбор материала и обработка данных, написание текста;Берёза И.А. — сбор материала и обработка данных, написание текста;Шаихова Д.Р. — сбор материала и обработка данных, написание текста;Сутункова М.П. — концепция и дизайн исследования, редактирование;Минигалиева И.А. — концепция и дизайн исследования, редактирование;Шабардина Л.В. — сбор материала и обработка данных, редактирование.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Дата поступления</title><p>Дата поступления: 02.10.2025 / Дата принятия к печати: 02.12.2025 / Дата публикации: 20.12.2025</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Benzene and phenol are widespread toxins that enter the environment with industrial emissions, being typical representatives of coke production, as well as automobile exhaust and tobacco smoke. Their impact poses risks to public health and especially to industrial workers. The toxicity of these compounds is associated with the induction of oxidative stress, which can cause cell apoptosis. Studying the effects of benzene and phenol on the expression of genes regulating apoptosis in the liver is important for identifying the mechanisms of toxicity and searching for early biomarkers of response.</p><p>The study aims to explore changes in the expression of the p53, casp3, and casp9 genes in the liver of laboratory animals exposed to subchronic effects of phenol and/or benzene to clarify the mechanism of their isolated and combined effects.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The authors conducted an experiment on white female rats, which were divided into 4 groups: "Benzene", "Phenol", "Benzene+Phenol" and "Control", 10 individuals each. The researchers carried out intoxication by intragastric administration 3 times a week for 4 weeks in a single dose of benzene — 100 mg/kg b.w. and phenol 15.85 mg/kg b.w. At the end of the experiment, the authors performed a complete decapitation of the animals and, for the analysis of gene expression, liver fragments were fixed, followed by the isolation of RNA, on the matrix of which cDNA was synthesized. The expression level of the casp3, casp9, and p53 genes was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. The scientists have conducted statistical analysis of the data using the Mann–Whitney U-test in the Statistica (StatSoft) program.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The expression level of the p53 gene was significantly lower by 2.86 times in the "Benzene+Phenol" group of animals compared with the control group (p=0.0095). There was also a tendency to decrease the level of p53 expression in the liver in the group of animals exposed only to benzene, but it did not reach the level of statistical significance (p=0.057). The expression of the casp3 and casp9 genes did not significantly differ between the experimental groups and the control.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. The study was performed on female Wistar rats without taking into account possible intersex differences.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The combined administration of benzene and phenol suppresses the expression of the p53 gene in the liver of animals without changing the expression of the casp3 and casp9 genes, which may indicate a violation of the p53-dependent pathway of apoptosis. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms of toxicity.</p></sec><sec><title>Ethics</title><p>Ethics. Ethics approval was provided by the Ethics Committee of the Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers (protocol No. 2 of January 11, 2024).</p></sec><sec><title>Contributions</title><p>Contributions:Kikot A.M. — collecting material and data processing, writing text;Bereza I.A. — collecting material and data processing, writing text;Shaikhova D.R. — collecting material and data processing, writing text;Sutunkova M.P. — research concept and design, editing;Minigalieva I.A. — concept and design of research, editing;Shabardina L.V. — collection of material and data processing, editing.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. The study had no funding.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: 02.10.2025 / Accepted: 02.12.2025 / Published: 20.12.2025</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>фенол</kwd><kwd>бензол</kwd><kwd>экспрессия генов</kwd><kwd>апоптоз</kwd><kwd>токсичность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>phenol</kwd><kwd>benzene</kwd><kwd>gene expression</kwd><kwd>apoptosis</kwd><kwd>toxicity</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hammam A.M., Zaki M.S., Yousef R.A., Fawzi O.M. Toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of phenols and phenolic compounds on human and living organisms [A Review]. Adv Environ Biol. 2015; 9(8): 38–48. https://clck.ru/3QgfNX</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hammam A.M., Zaki M.S., Yousef R.A., Fawzi O.M. 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