zurniimtpeМедицина труда и промышленная экологияRussian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology1026-94282618-8945FSBSI “Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health”10.31089/1026-9428-2025-65-12-815-822onqfvmzurniimtpe-4011Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫLITERATURE REVIEWSСовременные методы физиолого-эргономической оценки рабочей позы врачей-хирурговModern methods of physiological and ergonomic assessment of working posture among surgeonshttps://orcid.org/0009-0007-0080-6986БудаевАнатолий ЭдуардовичBudaevAnatolii E.

Аспирант, ФГБНУ «Восточно-Сибирский институт медико-экологических исследований», врач‑нейрохирург, ОАГУЗ «Ангарская городская больница».

e-mail: tolxxx1989@gmail.com

Graduate Student, East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research, Neurosurgeon, Angarsk City Hospital.

e-mail: tolxxx1989@gmail.com

tolxxx1989@gmail.comФГБНУ «Восточно-Сибирский институт медико-экологических исследований»; ОАГУЗ «Ангарская городская больница»РоссияEast-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research; Angarsk City HospitalRussian Federation2025241220256512815822Copyright © Будаев А.Э., 20252025Будаев А.Э.Budaev A.E.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.journal-irioh.ru/jour/article/view/4011

Работа врачей-хирургов относится к наиболее трудоёмким и ответственным сферам человеческой деятельности. Основной элемент профессии — операционная деятельность, характеризующаяся высокой физической, умственной и социальной нагрузкой. Важной особенностью труда врача-хирурга является длительное пребывание в вынужденной рабочей позе, которая, по современным данным, способствует развитию заболеваний опорно-двигательного аппарата и нервной системы, таких как остеохондроз, плече-лопаточный периартроз и туннельные синдромы. Такие заболевания могут быть причиной нетрудоспособности, снижения качества жизни, сокращения продолжительности карьеры и ухудшения качества хирургической помощи. Несмотря на важность проблемы, общепринятые методы оценки рабочей позы врачей-хирургов остаются недостаточно точными и комплексными, что ограничивает возможности для разработки эффективных профилактических мер.

Проведён обзор литературы с целью обобщения и анализа современных методов физиолого-эргономической оценки рабочей позы на примере врачей-хирургов. Поиск публикаций осуществлён с использованием библиографических баз данных Scopus, MedLine, Web of Science, PubMed, The Cochrane Library, РИНЦ, Cyberleninka.

Представленные данные свидетельствуют о высокой распространённости заболеваний опорно-двигательного аппарата среди хирургов, связанных с длительным пребыванием в вынужденных позах высокого риска, статическими нагрузками и неоптимальной организацией рабочего пространства. Современные методы физиолого-эргономической оценки рабочей позы включают полупрямые методы наблюдения, основанные на визуальном анализе и балльной оценке по стандартизированным шкалам, обеспечивают эффективную экспресс-диагностику эргономического риска. Однако эти подходы не позволяют отслеживать динамику нагрузки на нервно-мышечный аппарат в реальном времени. Прямые методы, основанные на применении инерциальных измерительных устройств и беспроводной поверхностной электромиографии, позволяют проводить объективный высокоточный мониторинг рабочей позы в динамике. Обеспечивают регистрацию кинематических параметров (углов сгибания, разгибания и отклонения сегментов тела), количественную оценку мышечной активности (по изменению амплитудных и частотных характеристик сигнала) и хронометраж времени пребывания в вынужденных позах, что позволяет стратифицировать эргономический риск и выявлять критические паттерны движения. В перспективе комплексный подход к оценке и оптимизации рабочей позы врачей-хирургов на основании сочетания субъективных и объективных методов позволит не только улучшить состояние здоровья и качество жизни врачей-хирургов, но и может повысить эффективность и безопасность хирургических вмешательств.

Финансирование

Финансирование. Работа выполнена в рамках средств, выделяемых для выполнения государственного задания ФГБНУ «Восточно-Сибирский институт медико-экологических исследований».

Конфликт интересов

Конфликт интересов. Автор заявляет об отсутствии конфликта интересов.

Дата поступления

Дата поступления: 22.10.2025 / Дата принятия к печати: 24.11.2025 / Дата публикации: 20.12.2025

The work of surgeons is one of the most time-consuming and responsible areas of human activity. The main element of the profession is operational activity, characterized by high physical, mental and social stress. An important feature of the work of a surgeon is a prolonged stay in a forced working position, which, according to modern data, contributes to the development of diseases of the musculoskeletal system and nervous system, such as osteochondrosis, shoulder-scapular periarthrosis and tunnel syndromes. Such diseases can cause disability, a decrease in the quality of life, a reduction in career duration, and a deterioration in the quality of surgical care. Despite the importance of the problem, generally accepted methods for assessing the working posture of surgeons remain insufficiently accurate and comprehensive, which limits the possibilities for developing effective preventive measures.

A review of the literature has been conducted in order to generalize and analyze modern methods of physiological and ergonomic assessment of working posture using the example of surgeons. The publications were searched using bibliographic databases Scopus, MedLine, Web of Science, PubMed, The Cochrane Library, RSCI, Cyberleninka.

The presented data indicate a high prevalence of diseases of the musculoskeletal system among surgeons associated with prolonged exposure to high-risk forced positions, static loads and suboptimal organization of the workspace. Modern methods of physiological and ergonomic assessment of working posture include semi-direct observation methods based on visual analysis and scoring of forced posture on standardized scales, provide effective rapid diagnosis of ergonomic risk. However, these approaches do not allow tracking the dynamics of the load on the neuromuscular apparatus in real time. Direct methods based on the use of inertial measuring devices and wireless surface electromyography allow for objective, high-precision dynamic monitoring of the working posture. They provide registration of kinematic parameters (angles of flexion, extension and deviation of body segments), quantification of muscle activity (by changing the amplitude and frequency characteristics of the signal) and timing of time spent in forced poses, which allows you to stratify ergonomic risk and identify critical movement patterns. In the future, an integrated approach to assessing and optimizing the working posture of surgeons based on a combination of subjective and objective methods will not only improve the health and quality of life of surgeons, but can also increase the effectiveness and safety of surgical interventions.

Funding

Funding. The work was carried out within the framework of funds allocated for the implementation of the state task of the East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research.

Conflict of interest

Conflict of interest. The author declares no conflict of interest.

Received

Received: 22.10.2025 / Accepted: 24.11.2025 / Published: 20.12.2025

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.