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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">zurniimtpe</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицина труда и промышленная экология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1026-9428</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-8945</issn><publisher><publisher-name>FSBSI “Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31089/1026-9428-2025-65-10-672-681</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">sxbpfp</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">zurniimtpe-3971</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LITERATURE REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Исторические аспекты использования асбеста и современные проблемы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Historical aspects of asbestos use and modern problems</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5491-3209</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Другова</surname><given-names>Ольга Геннадьевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Drugova</surname><given-names>Olga G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Старший научный сотрудник отдела медицины труда ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП Роспотребнадзора, канд. биол. наук.</p><p>e-mail: drugovao@ymrc.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Senior Researcher at the Department of Occupational Medicine, Federal Ekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health protection of Industrial Workers, Cand. of Sci. (Biol.).</p><p>e-mail: drugovao@ymrc.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">drugovao@ymrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6354-0827</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Федорук</surname><given-names>Анна Алексеевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedoruk</surname><given-names>Anna A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зав. отделом медицины труда, ведущий научный сотрудник ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП Роспотребнадзора, канд. мед. наук.</p><p>e-mail: annaf@ymrc.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of the Department of Occupational Medicine, Leading Researcher, Federal Ekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health protection of Industrial Workers, Cand. of Sci. (Med.).</p><p>e-mail: annaf@ymrc.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">annaf@ymrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9615-3284</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цхомария</surname><given-names>Ираклий Мамукович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tskhomariya</surname><given-names>Iraklii M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Научный сотрудник ФГБНУ «НИИ МТ».</p><p>e-mail: iraklytchomariya@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health.</p><p>e-mail: iraklytchomariya@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">iraklytchomariya@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5166-6871</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковалевский</surname><given-names>Евгений Вильевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovalevskiy</surname><given-names>Evgeny V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Главный научный сотрудник ФГБНУ «НИИ МТ», д-р мед. наук, профессор РАН.</p><p>e-mail: kovevgeny2008@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Chief Researcher, Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health, Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Professor of the RAS.</p><p>e-mail: kovevgeny2008@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kovevgeny2008@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский – научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда имени академика Н.Ф. Измерова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда имени академика Н.Ф. Измерова»; ФГАОУ ВО Первый МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>65</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>672</fpage><lpage>681</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Другова О.Г., Федорук А.А., Цхомария И.М., Ковалевский Е.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Другова О.Г., Федорук А.А., Цхомария И.М., Ковалевский Е.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Drugova O.G., Fedoruk A.A., Tskhomariya I.M., Kovalevskiy E.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.journal-irioh.ru/jour/article/view/3971">https://www.journal-irioh.ru/jour/article/view/3971</self-uri><abstract><p>Термин «асбест» объединяет две группы минералов: амфиболы и хризотил. Несмотря на разные физико-химические и, как следствие, биологические свойства обоих видов, ряд стран не проводят дифференцирование между видами, считая их одинаково опасными и запрещая использование обоих, в то время как другие, включая Россию, придерживаются политики контролируемого использования хризотила и запрета использования амфиболов (что соответствуют положениям ряда ратифицированных международных документов). В настоящее время в России ведётся политика, направленная на элиминацию асбестообусловленных заболеваний (АОЗ), в связи с чем реализуется ряд мероприятий, в том числе «по совершенствованию надзора и контроля за обеспечением безопасности при использовании асбеста». Одной из таких мер является введение новых методов контроля. Их внедрение в отечественную практику требует обобщения мирового и российского опыта в данной области — т. е. изучения исторических и других аспектов применения асбеста и асбестсодержащих материалов с позиций медицины труда.</p><p>Проведён анализ литературных данных на платформах PubMed®, elibrary.ru. по ключевым слова «asbestos», «асбест», а также по данным библиографического указателя Кашанского С.В. с акцентом на достижения последних 10 лет.</p><p>Показано, что асбест применяли ещё в древние времена, а промышленное использование началось с конца XIX. Практически сразу появились исследования, показывающие связь ряда заболеваний с воздействием асбестов. Неконтролируемое их использование привело к эпидемии АОЗ, что было продемонстрировано в многочисленных исследованиях. Вместо полного запрета, как на то пошли ряд стран, другие стали применять меры по снижению кумулятивного воздействия, что сказалось на уровнях заболеваемости АОЗ. Учёт особенностей контроля волокнистых видов пыли стало важным критерием для их гигиенической оценки. Это позволило оценивать воздействие не только на производствах, связанных с добычей асбеста и изготовлением асбестосодержащих материалов (АСМ), но и при использовании АСМ.</p><p>Невозможность полного устранения контакта с асбестом показывает целесообразность риск-ориентированного подхода в отношении использования асбеста и возможных последствий для здоровья работников и населения. Дальнейшие исследования с использованием индивидуального подхода оценки экспозиции, учитывающей гигиенические особенности волокнистых пылей.</p><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов:Другова О.Г. — сбор данных литературы, написание текста;Федорук А.А. — сбор данных литературы, написание текста;Ковалевский Е.В. — сбор данных литературы, написание текста, редактирование;Цхомария И.М. — сбор данных литературы, написание текста, редактирование.Все авторы — разработка концепции и дизайна исследований, сбор первичного материала и обработка данных, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.</p></sec><sec><title>Дата поступления</title><p>Дата поступления: 20.10.2025 / Дата принятия к печати: 23.10.2025 / Дата публикации: 21.11.2025</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The term "asbestos" unites two groups of minerals: amphiboles and chrysotile. Despite the different physico-chemical and, as a result, biological properties of both species, a number of countries do not differentiate between the species, considering them equally dangerous and prohibiting the use of both, while others, including Russia, adhere to a policy of controlled use of chrysotile and prohibition of the use of amphiboles (which comply with the provisions of a number of ratified international documents). Currently, Russia is pursuing a policy aimed at eliminating asbestos-related diseases (ARD), in connection with which a number of measures are being implemented, including "improving supervision and control over safety in the use of asbestos." One of these measures is the introduction of new control methods. Their introduction into domestic practice requires a generalization of international and Russian experience in this field, i.e., the study of historical and other aspects of the use of asbestos and asbestos-containing materials from the standpoint of occupational health.</p><p>The analysis of literary data on PubMed® and elibrary.ru platforms is carried out according to the keywords "asbestos", "асбест", as well as according to the bibliographic index of Kashanskiy S.V. with an emphasis on the achievements of the last 10 years.</p><p>It is shown that asbestos was used in ancient times, and industrial use began at the end of the 19th century. Almost immediately, studies appeared showing the connection of a number of diseases with exposure to asbestos. Their uncontrolled use has led to an epidemic of acute respiratory viral infections, which has been demonstrated in numerous studies.</p><p>Instead of a complete ban, as a number of countries have done, others have begun to apply measures to reduce the cumulative impact, which has affected the incidence of AOS. Consideration of the control features of fibrous types of dust has become an important criterion for their hygienic assessment. This made it possible to assess the impact not only in industries related to the extraction of asbestos and the manufacture of asbestos-containing materials (ACM), but also when using ACM.</p><p>The impossibility of completely eliminating contact with asbestos shows the expediency of a risk-based approach to the use of asbestos and possible consequences for the health of workers and the public. Further studies using an individual approach to impact assessment that takes into account the hygienic characteristics of fibrous dusts.</p><sec><title>Contributions</title><p>Contributions:Drugova O.G. — collection of literature data, writing a text;Fedoryuk A.A. — collection of literature data, writing;Kovalevsky E.V. — collection of literature data, writing a text, editing;Tskhomaria I.M. — collection of literature data, writing a text, editingAll authors — developed the concept and design of the study, collected primary data, processed the data, and are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the article.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. The study had no funding.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: 20.10.2025 / Accepted: 23.10.2025 / Published: 21.11.2025</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>асбест</kwd><kwd>хризотил</kwd><kwd>асбестовая промышленность</kwd><kwd>здоровье</kwd><kwd>канцерогенность</kwd><kwd>волокна</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>asbestos</kwd><kwd>chrysotile</kwd><kwd>asbestos industry</kwd><kwd>health</kwd><kwd>carcinogenicity</kwd><kwd>fibers</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–139. https://clck.ru/3Q32hT (accessed 14.10.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–139. https://clck.ru/3Q32hT (accessed 14.10.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">International Ban Asbestos Secretariat. 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