<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">zurniimtpe</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицина труда и промышленная экология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1026-9428</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-8945</issn><publisher><publisher-name>FSBSI “Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31089/1026-9428-2025-65-10-628-634</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">qglwlr</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">zurniimtpe-3966</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Анализ вклада базовых станций сетей сотовой связи поколения 5G в электромагнитную обстановку в различных условиях эксплуатации</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>5G base stations contribution assessment of electromagnetic environment for various operating conditions</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6903-4327</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Перов</surname><given-names>Сергей Юрьевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Perov</surname><given-names>Sergey Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Заведующий лабораторией электромагнитных полей, ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда имени академика Н.Ф. Измерова», д-р биол. наук</p><p>e-mail: perov@irioh.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of Electromagnetic field laboratory, Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health, Dr. of Sci. (Biol.)</p><p>e-mail: perov@irioh.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">perov@irioh.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3937-4950</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белая</surname><given-names>Ольга Викторовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Belaya</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Старший научный сотрудник, ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда имени академика Н.Ф. Измерова», канд. биол. наук.</p><p>e-mail: belaya@irioh.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Senior Researcher at Electromagnetic field laboratory, Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health, Cand. of Sci. (Biol.)</p><p>e-mail: belaya@irioh.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">belaya@irioh.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1222-3299</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Митрюшина</surname><given-names>Александра Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mitriushina</surname><given-names>Alexandra V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Младший научный сотрудник, ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда имени академика Н.Ф. Измерова».</p><p>e-mail: am251198@gmail.com</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher at Electromagnetic Field Laboratory, Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health</p><p>e-mail: am251198@gmail.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">am251198@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда имени академика Н.Ф. Измерова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>65</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>628</fpage><lpage>634</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Перов С.Ю., Белая О.В., Митрюшина А.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Перов С.Ю., Белая О.В., Митрюшина А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Perov S.Y., Belaya O.V., Mitriushina A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.journal-irioh.ru/jour/article/view/3966">https://www.journal-irioh.ru/jour/article/view/3966</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. В условиях внедрения систем сотовой связи 5G в мегаполисе особую значимость приобретает проблема гигиенической оценки производственных и внепроизводственных условий экспозиции человека ЭМП, создаваемой новыми системами и устройствами связи с учётом их вклада в общий уровень электромагнитного фона.</p><p>Цель исследования — инструментальная оценка и анализ вклада базовых станция поколения 5G в электромагнитную обстановку мегаполиса при различных сценариях эксплуатации.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Проведены частотно-селективные измерения для оценки фактической электромагнитной обстановки, создаваемой при работе базовых станций сетей сотовой связи различных поколений (GSM, UMTS, LTE и 5G), в условиях коммерческой эксплуатации на территории современного мегаполиса с использованием метода принудительной генерации трафика.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. На основе данных натурных измерений проведена оценка и анализ вклада БС сотовой связи поколений 5G в электромагнитную обстановку на территории мегаполиса, в том числе в условиях принудительной генерации абонентского трафика. Исследования показали, что наибольшие уровни ЭМП (до 61,93 мкВт/см2) были зафиксированы при полной нагрузке двух АТ, при этом 80% вклада приходилось на одну БС стандарта 5G. При работе одного АТ уровни снижались до 44,2 мкВт/см2, а вклад общую электромагнитную обстановку активной БС достигал 96%.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Ограничения исследования определяются количеством рассмотренных контрольных точек, типом измерений и используемых режимов эксплуатации БС поколения 5G в диапазоне FR1.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. На открытой территории мегаполиса при оценке вклада БС 5G в электромагнитную обстановку необходимо учитывать влияние абонентского трафика при разработке и обосновании критериев гигиенической оценки уровней ЭМП, создаваемых перспективными стандартами сотовой связи.</p></sec><sec><title>Этика</title><p>Этика. Исследование не требует представления заключения комитета по биомедицинской этике или иных документов.</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов:Перов С.Ю. — концепция и дизайн исследования, сбор материала, редактирование, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи;Белая О.В. — дизайн исследования, сбор материала и обработка данных, написание текста, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи;Митрюшина А.В. — обработка данных, написание текста, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Благодарности</title><p>Благодарности. Авторы выражают благодарность НАО «Национальный центр гигиены труда и профессиональных заболеваний» (г. Караганда), операторам сотовой связи Kcell и Tele2 Республики Казахстан за помощь в организации и проведении исследований.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.</p></sec><sec><title>Дата поступления</title><p>Дата поступления: 22.10.2025 / Дата принятия к печати: 30.10.2025 / Дата публикации: 21.11.2025</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. In the context of the introduction of 5G cellular communication systems in a megalopolis, the problem of hygienic assessment of industrial and non-industrial conditions of human EMF exposure created by new communication systems and devices is of particular importance, taking into account their contribution to the overall level of the electromagnetic background.</p><p>The study aims are an instrumental assessment and analysis of the contribution of 5G generation base stations to the electromagnetic environment of a megacity under various operating scenarios.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Frequency-selective measurements were carried out to assess the actual electromagnetic environment created by the operation of base stations of cellular communication networks of various generations (GSM, UMTS, LTE and 5G) in commercial operation on the territory of a modern metropolis using the forced traffic generation method.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Based on field measurement data, the authors assessed and analyzed the contribution of 5G generation cellular base stations to the electromagnetic environment in the megacity, including in conditions of forced generation of subscriber traffic. Studies have shown that the highest levels of EMF (up to 61.93 µW/cm2) were recorded at full load of two ATs, with 80% of the contribution coming from one BS of the 5G standard. When operating a single AT, the levels decreased to 44.2 µW/cm2, and the contribution to the electromagnetic environment of the active BS reached 96%.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. The limitations of the study are determined by the number of control points considered, the type of measurements, and the operating modes used for the 5G generation BS in the FR1 range.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. In the open territory of a megalopolis, when assessing the contribution of 5G BS to the electromagnetic environment, it is necessary to take into account the influence of subscriber traffic when developing and justifying criteria for hygienic assessment of EMF levels created by promising cellular communication standards.</p></sec><sec><title>Ethics</title><p>Ethics. The study does not require the submission of a conclusion from the biomedical Ethics Committee or other documents.</p></sec><sec><title>Contributions</title><p>Contributions:Perov S.Yu. — research concept and design, collection of material, editing, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;Belaya O.V. — research design, material collection and data processing, text writing, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;Mitriushina A.V. — data processing, text writing, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.</p></sec><sec><title>Acknowledgement</title><p>Acknowledgement. The authors would like to thank the National Center for Occupational Hygiene and Occupational Diseases (Karaganda), Kcell and Tele2 mobile operators of the Republic of Kazakhstan for their assistance in organizing and conducting research.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. The study had no funding.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: 22.10.2025 / Accepted: 00.00.2025 / Published: 21.11.2025</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>электромагнитное поле</kwd><kwd>инструментальный контроль</kwd><kwd>частотно-селективные измерения</kwd><kwd>базовая станция</kwd><kwd>сотовая связь</kwd><kwd>поколение 5G</kwd><kwd>диапазон FR1</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>electromagnetic field (EMF)</kwd><kwd>instrumental control</kwd><kwd>frequency-selective measurements</kwd><kwd>base station</kwd><kwd>cellular communication</kwd><kwd>5G generation</kwd><kwd>FR1 band</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">He Y., Xie J., Weng Z., Yang F., Wei Y., Liang J. et al. Exploring the emerging trends and hot topics of 5G technology application in wireless medicine: A bibliometric and visualization analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2025; 104(29): e43310. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000043310</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">He Y., Xie J., Weng Z., Yang F., Wei Y., Liang J. et al. Exploring the emerging trends and hot topics of 5G technology application in wireless medicine: A bibliometric and visualization analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2025; 104(29): e43310. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000043310</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Svistunou A., Mordachev V., Sinkevich E. Problem of Electromagnetic Compatibility Between 4G/5G Mobile Communications and Railway Signaling/Telecommunication Equipment. In: 2023 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility – EMC Europe. Krakow, Poland; 2023; 41: 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMCEurope57790.2023.10274308</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Svistunou A., Mordachev V., Sinkevich E. Problem of Electromagnetic Compatibility Between 4G/5G Mobile Communications and Railway Signaling/Telecommunication Equipment. In: 2023 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility – EMC Europe. Krakow, Poland; 2023; 41: 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMCEurope57790.2023.10274308</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Балтрукович П.И., Мин Е., Мордачев В.И., Свистунов А.С., Синькевич А.В. Электромагнитная совместимость беспроводного медицинского оборудования малого радиуса действия и оборудования мобильной связи 4G/5G. Веснік сувязі. 2022: 2:44-49. https://elibrary.ru/xcdhyg</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baltrukovich P.I., Ming Ye, Mordachev V.I., Svistunou А.S., Sinkevich Е.V. Electromagnetic Compatibility Wireless Medical Small Radius Equipment Action and Equipment Mobile 4G/5G Communications. Vesnik Suviazi. 2022; 2: 44–49. https://elibrary.ru/xcdhyg (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Svistunou A., Mordachev V., Sinkevich E., Ming Ye, Dubovik A., Shakinka I. Impact of Electromagnetic Radiation of 4G/5G Base Stations on Medical Short-Range Devices in Urban Area. In: 2022 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility – EMC Europe. Gothenburg, Sweden; 2022: 537–542. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMCEurope51680.2022.9901031</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Svistunou A., Mordachev V., Sinkevich E., Ming Ye, Dubovik A., Shakinka I. Impact of Electromagnetic Radiation of 4G/5G Base Stations on Medical Short-Range Devices in Urban Area. In: 2022 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility – EMC Europe. Gothenburg, Sweden; 2022: 537–542. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMCEurope51680.2022.9901031</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cabanillas-Carbonell M., Pérez-Martínez J., Yáñez A.J. 5G Technology in the Digital Transformation of Healthcare, a Systematic Review. Sustainability. 2023; 15(4), 3178. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043178</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cabanillas-Carbonell M., Pérez-Martínez J., Yáñez A.J. 5G Technology in the Digital Transformation of Healthcare, a Systematic Review. Sustainability. 2023; 15(4), 3178. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043178</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Majumdar P., Bhattacharya D., Mitra S. Utilities of 5G Communication Technologies for Promoting Advancement in Agriculture 4.0: Recent Trends, Research Issues and Review of Literature. In: 5G and Beyond. Springer Tracts in Electrical and Electronics Engineering. Springer, Singapore; 2023: 111–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3668-7_6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Majumdar P., Bhattacharya D., Mitra S. Utilities of 5G Communication Technologies for Promoting Advancement in Agriculture 4.0: Recent Trends, Research Issues and Review of Literature. In: 5G and Beyond. Springer Tracts in Electrical and Electronics Engineering. Springer, Singapore; 2023: 111–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3668-7_6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khan M.A., Khan A., Abuibaid M., Huang J.S. Harnessing 5G Networks for Enhanced Precision Agriculture: Challenges and potential Solutions. In: 2023 International Conference on Smart Applications, Communications and Networking (SmartNets). Istanbul, Turkiye, 2023: 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartNets58706.2023.10215761</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khan M.A., Khan A., Abuibaid M., Huang J.S. Harnessing 5G Networks for Enhanced Precision Agriculture: Challenges and potential Solutions. In: 2023 International Conference on Smart Applications, Communications and Networking (SmartNets). Istanbul, Turkiye, 2023: 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartNets58706.2023.10215761</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lamoth S., Goetz J., Legler T., Ruskowski M. Wireless Safety in Industrial 5G Networks. Lecture notes in mechanical engineering. 2023; 659–667. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38241-3_74</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lamoth S., Goetz J., Legler T., Ruskowski M. Wireless Safety in Industrial 5G Networks. Lecture notes in mechanical engineering. 2023; 659–667. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38241-3_74</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zapata-Paulini J., Cabanillas-Carbonell M. 5G Technology for Innovation Education (Sustainable Development Goals 4): A Systematic Review. International Journal of Engineering Pedagogy (iJEP). 2024; 14(5): 149–169. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijep.v14i5.48063</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zapata-Paulini J., Cabanillas-Carbonell M. 5G Technology for Innovation Education (Sustainable Development Goals 4): A Systematic Review. International Journal of Engineering Pedagogy (iJEP). 2024; 14(5): 149–169. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijep.v14i5.48063</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duan B., Li C., Xie J., Wu W., Zhou D. Fast Handover Algorithm Based on Location and Weight in 5G-R Wireless Communications for High-Speed Railways. Sensors (Basel). 2021; 21(9): 3100. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093100</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duan B., Li C., Xie J., Wu W., Zhou D. Fast Handover Algorithm Based on Location and Weight in 5G-R Wireless Communications for High-Speed Railways. Sensors (Basel). 2021; 21(9): 3100. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093100</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wei Q., Ge X., Liu J., Li H. A study on the ambient electromagnetic radiation level of 5G base stations in typical scenarios. Radiation Detection Technology and Methods. 2024; 8: 1333–1341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41605-024-00452-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wei Q., Ge X., Liu J., Li H. A study on the ambient electromagnetic radiation level of 5G base stations in typical scenarios. Radiation Detection Technology and Methods. 2024; 8: 1333–1341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41605-024-00452-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Перов С.Ю., Белая О.В., Рубцова Н.Б. Перспективы совершенствования подходов к контролю электромагнитных полей радиочастотного диапазона при внедрении технологий беспроводной связи пятого поколения. Мед. труда и пром. экол. 2022; 62(6): 388–396. https://doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2022-62-6-388-396 https://elibrary.ru/crhgmk</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perov S.Yu., Belaya O.V., Rubtsova N.B. The prospects for radiofrequency electromagnetic fields control approaches improvement under 5G wireless communication technologies introduction. Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology. 2022; 62(6): 388–396. https://doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2022-62-6-388-396 https://elibrary.ru/crhgmk (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tian Y., Kang H. Research on the Impact of 5G Terminals on Electromagnetic Radiation of 5G Base Stations. In: Communications, Signal Processing, and Systems. CSPS 2023. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer, Singapore; 2024: 1032: 215–223. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7505-1_22</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tian Y., Kang H. Research on the Impact of 5G Terminals on Electromagnetic Radiation of 5G Base Stations. In: Communications, Signal Processing, and Systems. CSPS 2023. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer, Singapore; 2024: 1032: 215–223. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7505-1_22</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim C.J., Jeon S.B., Choi H.D. Proposal of Method to Evaluate Exposure of EMF from 5G NR Base Station. The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science. 2022; 33(3): 218–229. https://doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2022.33.3.218 (in Korean).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim C.J., Jeon S.B., Choi H.D. Proposal of Method to Evaluate Exposure of EMF from 5G NR Base Station. The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science. 2022; 33(3): 218–229. https://doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2022.33.3.218 (in Korean).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Перов С.Ю., Белая О.В. Электромагнитная обстановка, создаваемая базовыми станциями сотовой связи в пилотной зоне 5G. Гигиена и санитария. 2023; 102(6): 538–543. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-6-538-543 https://elibrary.ru/xutaxy</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perov S.Yu., Belaya O.V. Electromagnetic environment created by mobile communication base stations in the 5G pilot area. Gigiena i Sanitaria. 2023; 102(6): 538–543. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-6-538-543 https://elibrary.ru/xutaxy (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Manassas A., Christopoulou M., Papanikolaou N., Delidimitriou S., Karabetsos E., Samaras T. Assessing EMF Exposure in Greek Urban and Suburban Areas During 5G Deployment: A Focus on 5G EMF Levels and Distance Correlation. Electronics. 2025; 14(8): 1554. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081554</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manassas A., Christopoulou M., Papanikolaou N., Delidimitriou S., Karabetsos E., Samaras T. Assessing EMF Exposure in Greek Urban and Suburban Areas During 5G Deployment: A Focus on 5G EMF Levels and Distance Correlation. Electronics. 2025; 14(8): 1554. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081554</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aerts S., Deprez K., Colombi D., Van den Bossche M., Verloock L., Martens L. et al. In Situ Assessment of 5G NR Massive MIMO Base Station Exposure in a Commercial Network in Bern, Switzerland. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(8): 3592. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11083592</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aerts S., Deprez K., Colombi D., Van den Bossche M., Verloock L., Martens L. et al. In Situ Assessment of 5G NR Massive MIMO Base Station Exposure in a Commercial Network in Bern, Switzerland. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(8): 3592. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11083592</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee A.K., Jeon S.B., Choi H.D. EMF Levels in 5G New Radio Environment in Seoul. IEEE Access. 2021; 9: 19716–19722. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3054363</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee A.K., Jeon S.B., Choi H.D. EMF Levels in 5G New Radio Environment in Seoul. IEEE Access. 2021; 9: 19716–19722. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3054363</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Veludo A.F., Stroobandt B., Bladel H.V., Sandoval-Diez N., Guxens M., Wout J., Röösli M. Exploring RF-EMF levels in Swiss microenvironments: An evaluation of environmental and auto-induced downlink and uplink exposure in the era of 5G. Environmental Research. 2024; 266: 120550–120550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.120550</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Veludo A.F., Stroobandt B., Bladel H.V., Sandoval-Diez N., Guxens M., Wout J., Röösli M. Exploring RF-EMF levels in Swiss microenvironments: An evaluation of environmental and auto-induced downlink and uplink exposure in the era of 5G. Environmental Research. 2024; 266: 120550–120550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.120550</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ursachianu M.V., Lazarescu C., Bejenaru O., Salceanu, A. Assessment of Human Exposure to EMF Generated by 5G Mobile Phone Base Stations. In: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Sibiu, Romania; 2022: 1254(1): 012026. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1254/1/012026</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ursachianu M.V., Lazarescu C., Bejenaru O., Salceanu, A. Assessment of Human Exposure to EMF Generated by 5G Mobile Phone Base Stations. In: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Sibiu, Romania; 2022: 1254(1): 012026. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1254/1/012026</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
