zurniimtpeМедицина труда и промышленная экологияRussian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology1026-94282618-8945FSBSI “Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health”10.31089/1026-9428-2024-64-2-111-120dbxtzjzurniimtpe-3415Research ArticleОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫLITERATURE REVIEWРоль наночастиц промышленных аэрозолей в формировании профессиональной бронхолёгочной патологииThe role of nanoparticles of industrial aerosols in the formation of occupational bronchopulmonary pathologyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0871-7551ШпагинаЛюбовь АнатольевнаShpaginaLyubov A.

Заведующий кафедрой госпитальной терапии и медицинской реабилитации ФГБОУ ВО НГМУ, д-р мед. наук., профессор

e-mail: lashpagina@gmail.com

The Head of the Department of Hospital Therapy and Medical Rehabilitation, Novosibirsk State Medical University, Dr. of Sci. (Med.)., Professor

e-mail: lashpagina@gmail.com

lashpagina@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4044-1049ЗенковаМарина А.ZenkovaMarina A.noemail@neicon.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8999-8457СапрыкинАнатолий И.SaprykinAnatoly I.noemail@neicon.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8977-5395ЛогашенкоЕвгения Б.LogashenkoEvgeniya B.noemail@neicon.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3109-9811ШпагинИлья С.ShpaginIlya S.noemail@neicon.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0724-1539КотоваОльга С.KotovaOlga S.noemail@neicon.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7126-276XЦыганковаАльфия Р.TsygankovaAlfiya R.noemail@neicon.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7428-9159КузнецоваГалина В.KuznetsovaGalina V.noemail@neicon.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6047-1707АникинаЕкатерина В.AnikinaEkaterina V.noemail@neicon.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3251-0315КамневаНаталья В.KamnevaNatalya V.noemail@neicon.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7676-3213СуровенкоТатьяна Н.SurovenkoTatyana N.noemail@neicon.ruФГБОУ ВО «Новосибирский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава РоссииРоссияNovosibirsk State Medical UniversityRussian FederationФГБУН «Институт химической биологии и фундаментальной медицины» СО РАНРоссияInstitute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental MedicineRussian FederationФГБУН «Институт неорганической химии им. А.В. Николаева» СО РАНРоссияNikolaev Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRussian FederationФГБОУ ВО «Тихоокеанский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава РФРоссияPacific State Medical UniversityRussian Federation202414032024642111120Copyright © Шпагина Л.А., Зенкова М.А., Сапрыкин А.И., Логашенко Е.Б., Шпагин И.С., Котова О.С., Цыганкова А.Р., Кузнецова Г.В., Аникина Е.В., Камнева Н.В., Суровенко Т.Н., 20242024Шпагина Л.А., Зенкова М.А., Сапрыкин А.И., Логашенко Е.Б., Шпагин И.С., Котова О.С., Цыганкова А.Р., Кузнецова Г.В., Аникина Е.В., Камнева Н.В., Суровенко Т.Н.Shpagina L.A., Zenkova M.A., Saprykin A.I., Logashenko E.B., Shpagin I.S., Kotova O.S., Tsygankova A.R., Kuznetsova G.V., Anikina E.V., Kamneva N.V., Surovenko T.N.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.journal-irioh.ru/jour/article/view/3415

Значительная распространённость промышленных аэрозолей с ненамеренными наночастицами, нарастающее применение инженерных наночастиц в современном производстве определяют актуальность исследований закономерностей взаимодействия с бронхолёгочной системой человека. Ненамеренные наночастицы образуются при различных производственных процессах: плавке и сварке металлов, горении, дроблении, шлифовке минералов, плазменной обработке материалов. Инженерные наночастицы выделяются в воздух рабочей зоны при их производстве или использовании в каких-либо технологических процессах. Система органов дыхания, как барьерный орган, наиболее уязвима к воздействию неблагоприятных факторов производственной среды. При этом наночастицы являются наименее изученным компонентом промышленных аэрозолей. С целью систематизировать данные о роли наночастиц в развитии профессиональной бронхолёгочной патологии выполнен обзор литературы.

Размер определяет особенности физических, химических и биологических свойств наночастиц. Они имеют высокие значения отношения площади поверхности к объёму, суммарной площади поверхности, что приводит к увеличению реактогенности и проникающей способности. Патогенные свойства наночастиц зависят от химического состава, формы, кривизны поверхности, структуры, заряда, массовой концентрации, суммарной площади поверхности частиц, времени воздействия. Многомерность гигиенических характеристик определяет сложность гигиенического нормирования и мониторинга наночастиц. До настоящего времени не установлены безопасные уровни воздействия.

При взаимодействии с клетками респираторного тракта наночастицы индуцируют следующие клеточно-молекулярные механизмы — оксидативный стресс, воспаление, нарушение эпителиального барьера, аутофагия и дисфункция лизосом, стресс эндоплазматического ретикулума, апоптоз, сенесценция, фиброз, дисфункция эндотелия, повреждение ДНК. Это приводит к развитию интерстициального пневмонита, лёгочного фиброза и обструктивных нарушений, увеличению активности аллергического воспаления. Все указанные механизмы участвуют в патогенезе профессиональных заболеваний лёгких. В условиях воздействия наночастиц различного химического состава формируются отдельные фенотипы профессиональной хронической обструктивной болезни лёгких. Следует отметить недостаток эпидемиологических исследований возможной этиологической роли наночастиц.

Наночастицы промышленных аэрозолей — значимый фактор для развития профессиональных заболеваний бронхолёгочной системы, оказывающий существенное влияние на формирование фенотипов.

Участие авторов

Участие авторов:Шпагина Л.А. — концепция и дизайн обзора, сбор, анализ и интерпретация данных (литературных источников), написание текста;Зенкова М.А. — концепция и дизайн обзора, сбор, анализ и интерпретация данных (литературных источников);Сапрыкин А.И. — концепция и дизайн обзора, сбор, анализ и интерпретация данных (литературных источников);Логашенко Е.Б. — концепция и дизайн обзора, сбор, анализ и интерпретация данных (литературных источников), написание текста;Шпагин И.С. — концепция и дизайн обзора, сбор, анализ и интерпретация данных (литературных источников), написание текста;Котова О.С. — концепция и дизайн обзора, сбор, анализ и интерпретация данных (литературных источников), написание текста;Цыганкова А.Р. — сбор, анализ и интерпретация данных (литературных источников);Кузнецова Г.В. — сбор, анализ и интерпретация данных (литературных источников);Аникина Е.В. — концепция и дизайн обзора, сбор, анализ и интерпретация данных (литературных источников), написание текста;Камнева Н.В. — сбор, анализ и интерпретация данных (литературных источников);Суровенко Т.Н. — написание текста.

Финансирование

Финансирование. Исследование выполнено за счёт гранта Российского научного фонда (проект № 19-74-30011)

Конфликт интересов

Конфликт интересов. Автор заявляет об отсутствии конфликта интересов.

Дата поступления

Дата поступления: 23.01.2024 / Дата принятия к печати: 15.02.2024 / Дата публикации: 15.03.2024

The significant prevalence of industrial aerosols with unintentional nanoparticles and the increasing use of engineering nanoparticles in modern production determine the relevance of research on the patterns of interaction with the human bronchopulmonary system. Unintentional nanoparticles are formed during various production processes: melting and welding of metals, combustion, crushing, grinding of minerals, plasma processing of materials. Engineering nanoparticles are released into the air of the work area during their production or use in any technological processes.

The respiratory system, as a barrier organ, is most vulnerable to the effects of adverse environmental factors. At the same time, nanoparticles are the least studied component of industrial aerosols. In order to systematize data on the role of nanoparticles in the development of occupational bronchopulmonary pathology, the authors conducted a literature review.

The size determines the features of the physical, chemical and biological properties of nanoparticles. They have high values of the ratio of surface area to volume, total surface area, which leads to an increase in reactogenicity and penetrating power. The pathogenic properties of nanoparticles depend on the chemical composition, shape, curvature of the surface, structure, charge, mass concentration, total surface area of the particles, and exposure time.

The multidimensionality of hygienic characteristics determines the complexity of hygienic rationing and monitoring of nanoparticles. To date, safe exposure levels have not been established. When interacting with cells of the respiratory tract, nanoparticles induce the following cellular and molecular mechanisms: oxidative stress, inflammation, violation of the epithelial barrier, autophagy and dysfunction of lysosomes, stress of the endoplasmic reticulum, apoptosis, senescence, fibrosis, endothelial dysfunction, DNA damage. This leads to the development of interstitial pneumonitis, pulmonary fibrosis and obstructive disorders, and an increase in the activity of allergic inflammation. All these mechanisms are present in the pathogenesis of occupational lung diseases. Under the influence of nanoparticles of various chemical compositions, separate phenotypes of occupational chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are formed. There is a lack of epidemiological studies of the possible etiological role of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles of industrial aerosols are a significant factor in the development of occupational diseases of the bronchopulmonary system and have a significant impact on the formation of phenotypes.

Contribution

Contribution:Shpagina L.A. — the concept and design of the review, collection, analysis and interpretation of data (literary sources), writing the text;Zenkova M.A. — the concept and design of the review, collection, analysis and interpretation of data (literary sources);Saprykin A.I.— the concept and design of the review, collection, analysis and interpretation of data (literary sources);Logashenko E.B. — the concept and design of the review, collection, analysis and interpretation of data (literary sources), writing the text;Shpagin I.S. — the concept and design of the review, collection, analysis and interpretation of data (literary sources), writing the text;Kotova O.S. — the concept and design of the review, collection, analysis and interpretation of data (literary sources), writing the text;Tsygankova A.R.— collection, analysis and interpretation of data (literary sources);Kuznetsova G.V.— collection, analysis and interpretation of data (literary sources);Anikina E.V. — the concept and design of the review, collection, analysis and interpretation of data (literary sources), writing the text;Kamneva N.V.— collection, analysis and interpretation of data (literary sources);Surovenko T.N.  — writing the text

Funding

Funding. The research was carried out at the expense of a grant from the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 19-74-30011).

Conflict of interests

Conflict of interests. The author declares no conflict of interests.

Received

Received: 23.01.2024 / Accepted: 15.02.2024 / Published: 15.03.2024

профессиональные заболевания бронхолёгочной системыпромышленные аэрозолинаночастицыоксидативный стрессвоспалениеoccupational diseases of the bronchopulmonary systemindustrial aerosolsnanoparticlesoxidative stressinflammationReferencesLi Y., Duan J., Chai X., Yang M., Wang J., Chen R. et al. Microarray-assisted size-effect study of amorphous silica nanoparticles on human bronchial epithelial cells. Nanoscale. 2019; 11(47): 22907–22923. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr07350gLi Y., Duan J., Chai X., Yang M., Wang J., Chen R. et al. Microarray-assisted size-effect study of amorphous silica nanoparticles on human bronchial epithelial cells. Nanoscale. 2019; 11(47): 22907–22923. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr07350gФатхутдинова Л.М., Халиуллин Т.О., Залялов Р.Р., Ткачёв А.Г., Бирч М.Э., Шведова А.А. Гигиеническая оценка аэрозоля многослойных углеродных нанотрубок в производственных условиях. Российские нанотехнологии. 2016; 11(1–2): 85–90.Fatkhutdinova L.M., Khaliullin T.O., Zalyalov R.R., Tkachev A.G., Birch M.E., Shvedova A.A. Assessment of Airborn Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes in a Manufactoring Environment. Nanotechnol Russ. 2016; 11(1): 85–90 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1995078016010055Soares E.V., Soares H.M.V.M. Harmful effects of metal(loid) oxide nanoparticles. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2021; 105(4): 1379–1394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-021-11124-1Soares E.V., Soares H.M.V.M. Harmful effects of metal(loid) oxide nanoparticles. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2021; 105(4): 1379–1394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-021-11124-1Setyawati M.I., Singh D., Krishnan S.P.R., Huang X., Wang M., Jia S., et al. Occupational Inhalation Exposures to Nanoparticles at Six Singapore Printing Centers. Environ Sci Technol. 2020; 54(4): 2389–2400. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b06984Setyawati M.I., Singh D., Krishnan S.P.R., Huang X., Wang M., Jia S., et al. Occupational Inhalation Exposures to Nanoparticles at Six Singapore Printing Centers. Environ Sci Technol. 2020; 54(4): 2389–2400. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b06984Berger F., Bernatíková Š., Kocůrková L., Přichystalová R., Schreiberová L. Occupational exposure to nanoparticles originating from welding — case studies from the Czech Republic. Med Pr. 2021; 72(3): 219–230. https://doi.org/10.13075/mp.5893.01058Berger F., Bernatíková Š., Kocůrková L., Přichystalová R., Schreiberová L. Occupational exposure to nanoparticles originating from welding — case studies from the Czech Republic. Med Pr. 2021; 72(3): 219–230. https://doi.org/10.13075/mp.5893.01058Луценко Л.А., Ракитский В.Н., Ильницкая А.В., Егорова А.М., Гвоздева Л.Л. Особенности действия наноразмерных аэрозолей и меры безопасности. Мед. труда и пром. экол. 2016; (3): 6–11.Lutsenko L.A., Rakitskiy V.N., Il’nitskaya A.V., Egorova A.M., Gvozdeva L.L. Features of nano aerosols action and safety measures. Med. truda i prom. ekol. 2016; (3): 6–11 (in Russian).Шаяхметов С.Ф., Рукавишников В.С., Лисецкая Л.Г., Меринов А.В. Характеристика образующихся аэрозольных взвесей — комплексов при традиционной и модернизированной технологиях электролиза алюминия. Мед. труда и пром. экол. 2022; 62(7): 452–458. https://doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2022-62-7-452-458Shayakhmetov S.F., Rukavishnikov V.S., Lisetskaya L.G., Merinov A.V. Characteristics of generated aerosol suspensions-complexes at traditional and modernized aluminum electrolysis technologies. Med. truda i prom. ekol. 2022; 62(7): 452–458 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2022-62-7-452-458Huang Y., Li P., Zhao R., Zhao L., Liu J., Peng S., Fu X., Wang X., Luo R., Wang R., Zhang Z. Silica nanoparticles: Biomedical applications and toxicity. Biomed Pharmacother. 2022; 151: 113053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113053Huang Y., Li P., Zhao R., Zhao L., Liu J., Peng S., Fu X., Wang X., Luo R., Wang R., Zhang Z. Silica nanoparticles: Biomedical applications and toxicity. Biomed Pharmacother. 2022; 151: 113053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113053Duan H., Liu Y., Gao Z., Huang W. Recent advances in drug delivery systems for targeting cancer stem cells. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2021; 11(1): 55–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2020.09.016Duan H., Liu Y., Gao Z., Huang W. Recent advances in drug delivery systems for targeting cancer stem cells. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2021; 11(1): 55–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2020.09.016Darwish M.K.M., El-Enin A.S.M.A., Mohammed K.H.A. Optimized Nanoparticles for Enhanced Oral Bioavailability of a Poorly Soluble Drug: Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Versus Nanostructured Lipid Carriers. Pharm Nanotechnol. 2022; 10(1): 69–87. https://doi.org/10.2174/2211738510666220210110003Darwish M.K.M., El-Enin A.S.M.A., Mohammed K.H.A. Optimized Nanoparticles for Enhanced Oral Bioavailability of a Poorly Soluble Drug: Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Versus Nanostructured Lipid Carriers. Pharm Nanotechnol. 2022; 10(1): 69–87. https://doi.org/10.2174/2211738510666220210110003Xu Y., Li H., Li X., Liu W. What happens when nanoparticles encounter bacterial antibiotic resistance? Sci Total Environ. 2023; 876: 162856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162856Xu Y., Li H., Li X., Liu W. What happens when nanoparticles encounter bacterial antibiotic resistance? Sci Total Environ. 2023; 876: 162856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162856Bruna T., Maldonado-Bravo F., Jara P., Caro N. Silver Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial Applications. Int J Mol Sci. 2021; 22(13): 7202. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22137202Bruna T., Maldonado-Bravo F., Jara P., Caro N. Silver Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial Applications. Int J Mol Sci. 2021; 22(13): 7202. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22137202Wu N., Gao H., Wang X., Pei X. Surface Modification of Titanium Implants by Metal Ions and Nanoparticles for Biomedical Application. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2023; 9(6): 2970–2990. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00722Wu N., Gao H., Wang X., Pei X. Surface Modification of Titanium Implants by Metal Ions and Nanoparticles for Biomedical Application. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2023; 9(6): 2970–2990. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00722Afroz T., Hiraku Y., Ma N., Ahmed S., Oikawa S., Kawanishi S. et al. Nitrative DNA damage in cultured macrophages exposed to indium oxide. J Occup Health. 2018; 60(2): 148–155. https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.17-0146-OAAfroz T., Hiraku Y., Ma N., Ahmed S., Oikawa S., Kawanishi S. et al. Nitrative DNA damage in cultured macrophages exposed to indium oxide. J Occup Health. 2018; 60(2): 148–155. https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.17-0146-OAMurugadoss S., Lison D, Godderis L., Van Den Brule S., Mast J., Brassinne F. et al. Toxicology of silica nanoparticles: an update. Arc.h Toxicol. 2017; 91(9): 2967–3010. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-017-1993-yMurugadoss S., Lison D, Godderis L., Van Den Brule S., Mast J., Brassinne F. et al. Toxicology of silica nanoparticles: an update. Arc.h Toxicol. 2017; 91(9): 2967–3010. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-017-1993-yInoue M., Sakamoto K., Suzuki A., Nakai S., Ando A., Shiraki Y. et al. Size and surface modification of silica nanoparticles affect the severity of lung toxicity by modulating endosomal ROS generation in macrophages. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2021; 18(1): 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-021-00415-0Inoue M., Sakamoto K., Suzuki A., Nakai S., Ando A., Shiraki Y. et al. Size and surface modification of silica nanoparticles affect the severity of lung toxicity by modulating endosomal ROS generation in macrophages. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2021; 18(1): 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-021-00415-0Величковский Б.Т. Молекулярные и клеточные основы экологической пульмонологии. Пульмонология. 2000; (3): 10–18.Velichkovskij B.T. Molecular and cellular basis of ecological pulmonology. Pul’monologiya. 2000; (3): 10–18 (in Russian).Шпагина Л.А., Артамонова В.Г., Фишман Б.Б., Паначева Л.А., Мазитова Н.Н., Плюхин А.Е. и др. Пневмокониозы. В кн.: Измеров Н.Ф., Чучалин А.Г. ред. Профессиональные заболевания органов дыхания. Национальное руководство. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2015: 363–487.Shpagina L.A., Artamonova V.G., Fishman B.B., Panacheva L.A., Mazitova N.N., Pljuhin A.E. et al. Pneumoconiosis. In: Izmerov N.F., Chuchalin A.G. (ed) Occupational respiratory diseases. National guidelines. M.: GEOTAR-Media; 2015: 363–487 (in Russian).Debia M., Carpentier M., L’Espérance G. Characterization of Occupational Exposures to Engineered Nanoparticles During the Finishing Process of a Hardwood Floor Manufacturing Plant. Ann Work Expo Health. 2021; 65(7): 868–873. https://doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxab003Debia M., Carpentier M., L’Espérance G. Characterization of Occupational Exposures to Engineered Nanoparticles During the Finishing Process of a Hardwood Floor Manufacturing Plant. Ann Work Expo Health. 2021; 65(7): 868–873. https://doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxab003Gonzalez-Pech N.I., Stebounova L.V., Ustunol I.B., Park J.H., Renee Anthony T., Peters T.M. et al. Size, composition, morphology, and health implications of airborne incidental metal-containing nanoparticles. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 2019; 16(6): 387–399. https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2018.1559925Gonzalez-Pech N.I., Stebounova L.V., Ustunol I.B., Park J.H., Renee Anthony T., Peters T.M. et al. Size, composition, morphology, and health implications of airborne incidental metal-containing nanoparticles. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 2019; 16(6): 387–399. https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2018.1559925Зенкова М.А., Сапрыкин А.И., Логашенко Е.Б., Шпагин И.С., Котова О.С., Цыганкова А.Р. и др. Хроническая обструктивная болезнь лёгких в условиях воздействия промышленных аэрозолей, содержащих наночастицы: особенности воспаления и фенотип. Мед. труда и пром. экол. 2021; 61(8): 488–496. https://doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2021-61-8-488-496Zenkova M.A., Saprykin A.I., Logashenko E.B., Shpagin I.S., Kotova O.S., Tsygankova A.R. et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to aerosols containing nanoparticles: inflammation and phenotype features. Med. truda i prom. ekol. 2021; 61(8): 488–496 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2021-61-8-488-496Grossgarten M., Holzlechner M., Vennemann A., Balbekova A., Wieland K., Sperling M. et al. Phosphonate coating of SiO2 nanoparticles abrogates inflammatory effects and local changes of the lipid composition in the rat lung: a complementary bioimaging study. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2018; 15(1): 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-018-0267-zGrossgarten M., Holzlechner M., Vennemann A., Balbekova A., Wieland K., Sperling M. et al. Phosphonate coating of SiO2 nanoparticles abrogates inflammatory effects and local changes of the lipid composition in the rat lung: a complementary bioimaging study. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2018; 15(1): 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-018-0267-zWang Z., Wang C., Liu S., He W., Wang L., Gan J. et al. Specifically Formed Corona on Silica Nanoparticles Enhances Transforming Growth Factor β1 Activity in Triggering Lung Fibrosis. ACS Nano. 2017; 11(2): 1659–1672. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b07461Wang Z., Wang C., Liu S., He W., Wang L., Gan J. et al. Specifically Formed Corona on Silica Nanoparticles Enhances Transforming Growth Factor β1 Activity in Triggering Lung Fibrosis. ACS Nano. 2017; 11(2): 1659–1672. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b07461Lag M., Skuland T., Godymchuk A., Nguyen T.H.T., Pham H.L.T., Refsnes M. Silica Nanoparticle-induced Cytokine Responses in BEAS-2B and HBEC3-KT Cells: Significance of Particle Size and Signalling Pathways in Different Lung Cell Cultures. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2018; 122(6): 620–632. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.12963Lag M., Skuland T., Godymchuk A., Nguyen T.H.T., Pham H.L.T., Refsnes M. Silica Nanoparticle-induced Cytokine Responses in BEAS-2B and HBEC3-KT Cells: Significance of Particle Size and Signalling Pathways in Different Lung Cell Cultures. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2018; 122(6): 620–632. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.12963Zhou F., Liao F., Chen L., Liu Y., Wang W., Feng S. The size-dependent genotoxicity and oxidative stress of silica nanoparticles on endothelial cells. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019; 26(2): 1911–1920. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3695-2Zhou F., Liao F., Chen L., Liu Y., Wang W., Feng S. The size-dependent genotoxicity and oxidative stress of silica nanoparticles on endothelial cells. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019; 26(2): 1911–1920. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3695-2Hsiao T.C., Han C.L., Yang T.T., Lee Y.L., Shen Y.F., Jheng Y.T., et al. Importance of surface charge of soot nanoparticles in determining inhalation toxicity in mice. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2023; 30(7): 18985–18997. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23444-4Hsiao T.C., Han C.L., Yang T.T., Lee Y.L., Shen Y.F., Jheng Y.T., et al. Importance of surface charge of soot nanoparticles in determining inhalation toxicity in mice. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2023; 30(7): 18985–18997. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23444-4Refsnes M., Skuland T., Lilleaas E., Ovrevik J., Lag M. Concentration-dependent ROS in human lung epithelial cells. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2019; 125(3): 304–314. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.13221Refsnes M., Skuland T., Lilleaas E., Ovrevik J., Lag M. Concentration-dependent ROS in human lung epithelial cells. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2019; 125(3): 304–314. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.13221Wheeler R.M., Lower S.K. A meta-analysis framework to assess the role of units in describing nanoparticle toxicity. NanoImpact. 2021; 21: 100277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2020.100277Wheeler R.M., Lower S.K. A meta-analysis framework to assess the role of units in describing nanoparticle toxicity. NanoImpact. 2021; 21: 100277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2020.100277Du Z., Chen S., Cui G., Yang Y., Zhang E., Wang Q. et al. Silica nanoparticles induce cardiomyocyte apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway in rats following intratracheal instillation. Int. J. Mol. Med. 2019; 43(3): 1229–1240. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2018.4045Du Z., Chen S., Cui G., Yang Y., Zhang E., Wang Q. et al. Silica nanoparticles induce cardiomyocyte apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway in rats following intratracheal instillation. Int. J. Mol. Med. 2019; 43(3): 1229–1240. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2018.4045Wei W., Yan Z., Liu X., Qin Z., Tao X., Zhu X., et al Brain Accumulation and Toxicity Profiles of Silica Nanoparticles: The Influence of Size and Exposure Route. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2022; 56(12): 8319–8325. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c07562Wei W., Yan Z., Liu X., Qin Z., Tao X., Zhu X., et al Brain Accumulation and Toxicity Profiles of Silica Nanoparticles: The Influence of Size and Exposure Route. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2022; 56(12): 8319–8325. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c07562Minigalieva I.A., Ryabova Y.V., Shelomencev I.G., Amromin L.A., Minigalieva R.F., Sutunkova Y.M., et al. Analysis of Experimental Data on Changes in Various Structures and Functions of the Rat Brain following Intranasal Administration of Fe2O3 Nanoparticles. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023; 24(4): 3572. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043572Minigalieva I.A., Ryabova Y.V., Shelomencev I.G., Amromin L.A., Minigalieva R.F., Sutunkova Y.M., et al. Analysis of Experimental Data on Changes in Various Structures and Functions of the Rat Brain following Intranasal Administration of Fe2O3 Nanoparticles. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023; 24(4): 3572. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043572Li D., Morishita M., Wagner J.G., Fatouraie M., Wooldridge M., Eagle W.E., et al. In vivo biodistribution and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of inhaled fresh and aged cerium oxide nanoparticles in rats. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2016; 13(1): 45. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-016-0156-2Li D., Morishita M., Wagner J.G., Fatouraie M., Wooldridge M., Eagle W.E., et al. In vivo biodistribution and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of inhaled fresh and aged cerium oxide nanoparticles in rats. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2016; 13(1): 45. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-016-0156-2Wolfram J., Zhu M., Yang Y., Shen J., Gentile E., Paolino D. et al. Safety of Nanoparticles in Medicine. Curr Drug Targets. 2015; 16(14): 1671–81. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389450115666140804124808Wolfram J., Zhu M., Yang Y., Shen J., Gentile E., Paolino D. et al. Safety of Nanoparticles in Medicine. Curr Drug Targets. 2015; 16(14): 1671–81. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389450115666140804124808Buchman J.T., Hudson-Smith N.V., Landy K.M., Haynes C.L. Understanding Nanoparticle Toxicity Mechanisms to Inform Redesign Strategies to Reduce Environmental Impact. Acc. Chem. Res. 2019; 52(6): 1632–1642. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00053Buchman J.T., Hudson-Smith N.V., Landy K.M., Haynes C.L. Understanding Nanoparticle Toxicity Mechanisms to Inform Redesign Strategies to Reduce Environmental Impact. Acc. Chem. Res. 2019; 52(6): 1632–1642. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00053Сутункова М.П., Макеев О.Г., Привалова Л.И., Минигалиева И.А., Гурвич В.Б., Соловьева С.Н. и др. Генотоксический эффект воздействия некоторых элементных или элементнооксидных наночастиц и его ослабление комплексом биопротекторов. Мед. труда и пром. экол. 2018; (11): 10–16. https://doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2018-11-10-16Sutunkova M.P., Makeyev O.G., Privalova L.I., Minigaliyeva I.A., Gurvich V.B., Solov’yova S.N. et al. Genotoxic effect of some elemental or element oxide nanoparticles and its diminution by bioprotectors cоmbination. Med. truda i prom. ekol. 2018; (11): 10–16 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2018-11-10-16Guo C., Wang J., Yang M., Li Y., Cui S., Zhou X. et al. Amorphous silica nanoparticles induce malignant transformation and tumorigenesis of human lung epithelial cells via P53 signaling. Nanotoxicology. 2017; 11(9–10): 1176–1194. https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2017.1403658Guo C., Wang J., Yang M., Li Y., Cui S., Zhou X. et al. Amorphous silica nanoparticles induce malignant transformation and tumorigenesis of human lung epithelial cells via P53 signaling. Nanotoxicology. 2017; 11(9–10): 1176–1194. https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2017.1403658Shvedova A.A., Yanamala N., Kisin E.R., Khailullin T.O., Birch M.E., Fatkhutdinova L.M. Integrated Analysis of Dysregulated ncRNA and mRNA Expression Profiles in Humans Exposed to Carbon Nanotubes. PLoS ONE. 2016; 11(3): e0150628. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150628Shvedova A.A., Yanamala N., Kisin E.R., Khailullin T.O., Birch M.E., Fatkhutdinova L.M. Integrated Analysis of Dysregulated ncRNA and mRNA Expression Profiles in Humans Exposed to Carbon Nanotubes. PLoS ONE. 2016; 11(3): e0150628. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150628IARC monograph, 2017; Vol. 111. https://publications.iarc.fr/552IARC monograph, 2017; Vol. 111. https://publications.iarc.fr/552Wang M., Li J., Dong S., Cai X., Simaiti A., Yang X. et al. Silica nanoparticles induce lung inflammation in mice via ROS/PARP/TRPM2 signaling-mediated lysosome impairment and autophagy dysfunction. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2020; 17(1): 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-020-00353-3Wang M., Li J., Dong S., Cai X., Simaiti A., Yang X. et al. Silica nanoparticles induce lung inflammation in mice via ROS/PARP/TRPM2 signaling-mediated lysosome impairment and autophagy dysfunction. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2020; 17(1): 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-020-00353-3Gliga A.R., Di Bucchianico S., Lindvall J., Fadeel B, Karlsson H.L. RNA-sequencing reveals long-term effects of silver nanoparticles on human lung cells. Sci Rep. 2018; 8(1): 6668. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-25085-5Gliga A.R., Di Bucchianico S., Lindvall J., Fadeel B, Karlsson H.L. RNA-sequencing reveals long-term effects of silver nanoparticles on human lung cells. Sci Rep. 2018; 8(1): 6668. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-25085-5Сутункова М.П. Оценка токсического действия наночастиц NiO при ингаляционном поступлении. Мед. труда и пром. экол. 2019; (2): 86–91. https://doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2019-2-86-91Sutunkova M.P. Тhe experimental assessment of NiO nanoparticles toxicity in inxalation exposure. Med. truda i prom. ekol. 2019; (2): 86–91 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2019-2-86-91Petrache Voicu S.N., Dinu D., Sima C., Hermenean A., Ardelean A., Codrici E. et al. Silica Nanoparticles Induce Oxidative Stress and Autophagy but Not Apoptosis in the MRC-5 Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci. 2015; 16(12): 29398–416. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161226171Petrache Voicu S.N., Dinu D., Sima C., Hermenean A., Ardelean A., Codrici E. et al. Silica Nanoparticles Induce Oxidative Stress and Autophagy but Not Apoptosis in the MRC-5 Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci. 2015; 16(12): 29398–416. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161226171Yu H.H., Chen Y.C., Su H.P., Chen L., Chen H.H., Lin K.A. et al. Comparative pulmonary toxicity assessment of tungsten trioxide and tungsten trioxide hydrate nanoparticles. Sci Total Environ. 2023; 855: 158885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158885Yu H.H., Chen Y.C., Su H.P., Chen L., Chen H.H., Lin K.A. et al. Comparative pulmonary toxicity assessment of tungsten trioxide and tungsten trioxide hydrate nanoparticles. Sci Total Environ. 2023; 855: 158885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158885Zhao L., Zhu Y., Chen Z., Xu H., Zhou J., Tang S. et al. Cardiopulmonary effects induced by occupational exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology. 2018; 12(2): 169–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2018.1425502Zhao L., Zhu Y., Chen Z., Xu H., Zhou J., Tang S. et al. Cardiopulmonary effects induced by occupational exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology. 2018; 12(2): 169–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2018.1425502Mo Y., Jiang M., Zhang Y., Wan R., Li J., Zhong C.J. et al. Comparative mouse lung injury by nickel nanoparticles with differential surface modification. J. Nanobiotechnology. 2019; 17(1): 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-018-0436-0Mo Y., Jiang M., Zhang Y., Wan R., Li J., Zhong C.J. et al. Comparative mouse lung injury by nickel nanoparticles with differential surface modification. J. Nanobiotechnology. 2019; 17(1): 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-018-0436-0Schremmer I., Brik A., Weber D.G., Rosenkranz N., Rostek A., Loza K. et al. Kinetics of chemotaxis, cytokine, and chemokine release of NR8383 macrophages after exposure to inflammatory and inert granular insoluble particles. Toxicol Lett. 2016; 263: 68–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.08.014Schremmer I., Brik A., Weber D.G., Rosenkranz N., Rostek A., Loza K. et al. Kinetics of chemotaxis, cytokine, and chemokine release of NR8383 macrophages after exposure to inflammatory and inert granular insoluble particles. Toxicol Lett. 2016; 263: 68–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.08.014Guo C., Yang M., Jing L., Wang J., Yu Y., Li Y., et al. Amorphous silica nanoparticles trigger vascular endothelial cell injury through apoptosis and autophagy via reactive oxygen species-mediated MAPK/Bcl-2 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling. Int. J. Nanomedicine. 2016; 11: 5257–5276. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S112030Guo C., Yang M., Jing L., Wang J., Yu Y., Li Y., et al. Amorphous silica nanoparticles trigger vascular endothelial cell injury through apoptosis and autophagy via reactive oxygen species-mediated MAPK/Bcl-2 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling. Int. J. Nanomedicine. 2016; 11: 5257–5276. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S112030Hsu S.Y., Morris R., Cheng F. Signaling Pathways Regulated by Silica Nanoparticles. Molecules. 2021; 26(5): 1398. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051398Hsu S.Y., Morris R., Cheng F. Signaling Pathways Regulated by Silica Nanoparticles. Molecules. 2021; 26(5): 1398. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051398Ko J.W., Shin N.R., Je-Oh L., Jung T.Y., Moon C., Kim T.W. et al. Silica dioxide nanoparticles aggravate airway inflammation in an asthmatic mouse model via NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2020; 112: 104618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104618Ko J.W., Shin N.R., Je-Oh L., Jung T.Y., Moon C., Kim T.W. et al. Silica dioxide nanoparticles aggravate airway inflammation in an asthmatic mouse model via NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2020; 112: 104618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104618Khaliullin T.O., Yanamala N., Newman M.S., Kisin E.R., Fatkhutdinova L.M., Shvedova A.A. Comparative analysis of lung and blood transcriptomes in mice exposed to multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2020; 390: 114898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2020.114898Khaliullin T.O., Yanamala N., Newman M.S., Kisin E.R., Fatkhutdinova L.M., Shvedova A.A. Comparative analysis of lung and blood transcriptomes in mice exposed to multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2020; 390: 114898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2020.114898Yukina G.Y., Polovnikov I.V., Sukhorukova E.G., Zhuravskii S.G., Galagudza M.M. Morphological Analysis of the Respiratory Tract of Rats after Parenteral Administration of Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 2020; 170(1): 93–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10517-020-05011-4Yukina G.Y., Polovnikov I.V., Sukhorukova E.G., Zhuravskii S.G., Galagudza M.M. Morphological Analysis of the Respiratory Tract of Rats after Parenteral Administration of Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 2020; 170(1): 93–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10517-020-05011-4Jeong M.J., Jeon S., Yu H.S., Cho W.S., Lee S., Kang D. et al. Exposure to Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles Induces Acute and Chronic Inflammatory Responses in Rat Lungs and Perturbs the Lung Microbiome. Int. J. Environ. Res Public Health. 2022; 19(1): 522. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010522Jeong M.J., Jeon S., Yu H.S., Cho W.S., Lee S., Kang D. et al. Exposure to Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles Induces Acute and Chronic Inflammatory Responses in Rat Lungs and Perturbs the Lung Microbiome. Int. J. Environ. Res Public Health. 2022; 19(1): 522. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010522Meldrum K., Robertson S.B., Romer I., Marczylo T., Dean L.S.N., Rogers A. et al. Cerium dioxide nanoparticles exacerbate house dust mite induced type II airway inflammation. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2018; 15(1): 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-018-0261-5Meldrum K., Robertson S.B., Romer I., Marczylo T., Dean L.S.N., Rogers A. et al. Cerium dioxide nanoparticles exacerbate house dust mite induced type II airway inflammation. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2018; 15(1): 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-018-0261-5Kroker M., Sydlik U., Autengruber A., Cavelius C., Weighardt H., Kraegeloh A. et al. Preventing carbon nanoparticle-induced lung inflammation reduces antigen-specific sensitization and subsequent allergic reactions in a mouse model. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2015; 12: 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-015-0093-5Kroker M., Sydlik U., Autengruber A., Cavelius C., Weighardt H., Kraegeloh A. et al. Preventing carbon nanoparticle-induced lung inflammation reduces antigen-specific sensitization and subsequent allergic reactions in a mouse model. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2015; 12: 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-015-0093-5Liu Y., Wei H., Tang J., Yuan J., Wu M., Yao C. et al. Dysfunction of pulmonary epithelial tight junction induced by silicon dioxide nanoparticles via the ROS/ERK pathway and protein degradation. Chemosphere. 2020; 255: 126954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126954Liu Y., Wei H., Tang J., Yuan J., Wu M., Yao C. et al. Dysfunction of pulmonary epithelial tight junction induced by silicon dioxide nanoparticles via the ROS/ERK pathway and protein degradation. Chemosphere. 2020; 255: 126954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126954Wang W., Zeng C., Feng Y., Zhou F., Liao F., Liu Y. et al. The size-dependent effects of silica nanoparticles on endothelial cell apoptosis through activating the p53-caspase pathway. Environ Pollut. 2018; 233: 218–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.053Wang W., Zeng C., Feng Y., Zhou F., Liao F., Liu Y. et al. The size-dependent effects of silica nanoparticles on endothelial cell apoptosis through activating the p53-caspase pathway. Environ Pollut. 2018; 233: 218–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.053Guo C., Ma R., Liu X., Xia Y., Niu P., Ma J. et al. Silica nanoparticles induced endothelial apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress-mitochondrial apoptotic signaling pathway. Chemosphere. 2018; 210: 183–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.170Guo C., Ma R., Liu X., Xia Y., Niu P., Ma J. et al. Silica nanoparticles induced endothelial apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress-mitochondrial apoptotic signaling pathway. Chemosphere. 2018; 210: 183–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.170Spannbrucker T., Ale-Agha N., Goy C., Dyballa-Rukes N., Jakobs P., Jander K. et al. Induction of a senescent like phenotype and loss of gap junctional intercellular communication by carbon nanoparticle exposure of lung epithelial cells. Exp. Gerontol. 2019; 117: 106-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2018.11.017Spannbrucker T., Ale-Agha N., Goy C., Dyballa-Rukes N., Jakobs P., Jander K. et al. Induction of a senescent like phenotype and loss of gap junctional intercellular communication by carbon nanoparticle exposure of lung epithelial cells. Exp. Gerontol. 2019; 117: 106-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2018.11.017Zhang Y., Mo Y., Yuan J., Zhang Y., Mo L., Zhang Q. MMP‑3 activation is involved in copper oxide nanoparticle-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human lung epithelial cells. Nanotoxicology. 2021; 15(10): 1380–1402. https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2022.2030822Zhang Y., Mo Y., Yuan J., Zhang Y., Mo L., Zhang Q. MMP‑3 activation is involved in copper oxide nanoparticle-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human lung epithelial cells. Nanotoxicology. 2021; 15(10): 1380–1402. https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2022.2030822Duan J., Yu Y., Yu Y., Li Y., Wang J., Geng W. et al. Silica nanoparticles induce autophagy and endothelial dysfunction via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Int J Nanomedicine. 2014; 9: 5131–41. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S71074Duan J., Yu Y., Yu Y., Li Y., Wang J., Geng W. et al. Silica nanoparticles induce autophagy and endothelial dysfunction via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Int J Nanomedicine. 2014; 9: 5131–41. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S71074Liu X., Lu B., Fu J., Zhu X., Song E., Song Y. Amorphous silica nanoparticles induce inflammation via activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and HMGB1/TLR4/MYD88/NF-kb signaling pathway in HUVEC cells. J Hazard Mater. 2021; 404(Pt B): 124050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124050Liu X., Lu B., Fu J., Zhu X., Song E., Song Y. Amorphous silica nanoparticles induce inflammation via activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and HMGB1/TLR4/MYD88/NF-kb signaling pathway in HUVEC cells. J Hazard Mater. 2021; 404(Pt B): 124050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124050Wierzbicki M., Zawadzka K., Wójcik B., Jaworski S., Strojny B., Ostrowska A. et al. Differences in the Cell Type-Specific Toxicity of Diamond Nanoparticles to Endothelial Cells Depending on the Exposure of the Cells to Nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine. 2023; 18: 2821–2838. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S411424Wierzbicki M., Zawadzka K., Wójcik B., Jaworski S., Strojny B., Ostrowska A. et al. Differences in the Cell Type-Specific Toxicity of Diamond Nanoparticles to Endothelial Cells Depending on the Exposure of the Cells to Nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine. 2023; 18: 2821–2838. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S411424Guo C., Zhao X., Ma R., Zhu L., Chen Y., Yang Z. et al. Silica nanoparticles promoted pro-inflammatory macrophage and foam cell transformation via ROS/PPARγ/NF-κB signaling. Sci. Total. Environ. 2023; 881: 163430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163430Guo C., Zhao X., Ma R., Zhu L., Chen Y., Yang Z. et al. Silica nanoparticles promoted pro-inflammatory macrophage and foam cell transformation via ROS/PPARγ/NF-κB signaling. Sci. Total. Environ. 2023; 881: 163430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163430Fireman Klein E., Adir Y., Krencel A., Peri R., Vasserman B., Fireman E. et al. Ultrafine particles in airways: a novel marker of COPD exacerbation risk and inflammatory status. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon Dis. 2019; 14: 557–564. https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S187560Fireman Klein E., Adir Y., Krencel A., Peri R., Vasserman B., Fireman E. et al. Ultrafine particles in airways: a novel marker of COPD exacerbation risk and inflammatory status. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon Dis. 2019; 14: 557–564. https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S187560Pelclova D., Zdimal V., Komarc M., Vlckova S., Fenclova Z., Ondracek J. et al. Deep Airway Inflammation and Respiratory Disorders in Nanocomposite Workers. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2018; 8(9): 731. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8090731Pelclova D., Zdimal V., Komarc M., Vlckova S., Fenclova Z., Ondracek J. et al. Deep Airway Inflammation and Respiratory Disorders in Nanocomposite Workers. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2018; 8(9): 731. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8090731Шпагина Л.А., Зенкова М.А., Шпагин И.С., Логашенко Е.Б., Аникина Е.В., Котова О.С. и др. Клеточно-молекулярные маркеры хронической обструктивной болезни лёгких в условиях воздействия промышленных аэрозолей с ненамеренными наночастицами металлов или кремния. Современные проблемы науки и образования. 2023; 6: https://science-education.ru/article/view?id=33130 https://doi.org/10.17513/spno.33130Shpagina L.A., Zenkova M.A., Shpagin I.S., Logashenko E.B., Anikina E.V., Kotova O.S. et al. Cellular and molecular markers of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in conditions of exposure of industrial aerosols containing unintentional nanoparticles of metals or silica. Sovremennye problemy nauki i obrazovanija. 2023; 6. https://science-education.ru/article/view?id=33130 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.17513/spno.33130

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.