<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">zurniimtpe</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицина труда и промышленная экология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1026-9428</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-8945</issn><publisher><publisher-name>FSBSI “Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31089/1026-9428-2022-62-11-767-773</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">zurniimtpe-3069</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Токсиколого-гигиеническое изучение имидомочевины, антибактериального консерванта для фармацевтических и косметических средств</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Toxicological and hygienic study of imidourea as antibacterial preservative for pharmaceutical and cosmetic products</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6457-8042</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Голубева</surname><given-names>М. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Golubeva</surname><given-names>Margarita I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6433-899X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бидевкина</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bidevkina</surname><given-names>Marina V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2314-183X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шеина</surname><given-names>Н. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sheina</surname><given-names>Natalia I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1864-5635</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Буданова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Budanova</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3253-4571</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Виноградова</surname><given-names>Арина Игоревна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vinogradova</surname><given-names>Arina I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Науч. сотр. отдела токсикологии Института дезинфектологии.</p><p>e-mail: vinney93@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>The researcher of the Toxicology Department, Institute of Disinfection.</p><p>e-mail: vinney93@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vinney93@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9884-9568</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бобринева</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bobrineva</surname><given-names>Irina A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5139-6653</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Федорова</surname><given-names>Э. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedorova</surname><given-names>Emma A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>АО «Всесоюзный научный центр по безопасности биологически активных веществ»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>All-Union Scientific Center for the Safety of Biologically Active Compounds</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт дезинфектологии ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр гигиены им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Disinfectology Institute of Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman of the Rospotrebnadzor</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>62</volume><issue>11</issue><fpage>767</fpage><lpage>773</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Голубева М.И., Бидевкина М.В., Шеина Н.И., Буданова Е.В., Виноградова А.И., Бобринева И.А., Федорова Э.А., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Голубева М.И., Бидевкина М.В., Шеина Н.И., Буданова Е.В., Виноградова А.И., Бобринева И.А., Федорова Э.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Golubeva M.I., Bidevkina M.V., Sheina N.I., Budanova E.V., Vinogradova A.I., Bobrineva I.A., Fedorova E.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.journal-irioh.ru/jour/article/view/3069">https://www.journal-irioh.ru/jour/article/view/3069</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Имидомочевину широко используют в качестве антибактериального консерванта в фармацевтической и косметической промышленности. Имеются данные литературы о токсичности и специфическом действии вещества, но отсутствуют гигиенические нормативы в воздухе рабочей зоны, необходимые для охраны здоровья работающих.</p><p>Цель исследования — обоснование ориентировочного безопасного уровня воздействия (ОБУВ) имидомочевины в воздухе рабочей зоны на основе изучения характера биологического действия при различных путях поступления в организм.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Методы исследования функций органов и систем подопытных животных после однократной ингаляции вещества в концентрациях 35,3±5,7 мг/м3 и 6,1±1,7 мг/м3 выбирали с учётом данных литературы о биологически действии изучаемого соединения. Антимикробное действие вещества на микробиоту кишечника крыс изучали через 24 ч и 144 ч после ингаляционного воздействия.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. При ингаляции вещества в обеих концентрациях наблюдали нарушения баланса микрофлоры кишечника, которые характеризовались изменением показателей численности отдельных представителей нормальной микробиоты, что соответствует начальным признакам дисбиоза 1 степени. Через 144 часа после воздействия баланс микрофлоры был практически восстановлен. При ингаляционном воздействии имидомочевины в концентрации 35,3 мг/м3 выявлены также изменения функциональных показателей печени (снижение активности щелочной фосфатазы и концентрации глюкозы в сыворотке крови) и почек (снижение содержания и скорости выведения белка в моче).</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Имидомочевина при ингаляционном пути поступления оказывает общетоксическое, сенсибилизирующее, слабое антимикробное действие. Рекомендован ОБУВ имидомочевины в воздухе рабочей зоны 1,5 мг/м3 (аэрозоль).</p></sec><sec><title>Этика</title><p>Этика. Комиссия по этике АО «ВНЦ БАВ» приняла и утвердила программу исследования имидомочевины (протокол № 3 от 11.02.2020 г.).</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов:Голубева М.И. — концепция и дизайн, сбор, обработка материала, написание текста, редактирование;Бидевкина М.В. — концепция и дизайн, написание текста, редактирование;Шеина Н.И. — концепция и дизайн, написание текста, редактирование;Буданова Е.В. — сбор, обработка материала, статистическая обработка, написание текста, редактирование;Виноградова А.И. — сбор, обработка материала, статистическая обработка;Бобринева И.А. — сбор, обработка материала;Федорова Э.А. — статистическая обработка.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.</p></sec><sec><title>Дата поступления</title><p>Дата поступления: 27.10.2022 / Дата принятия к печати: 24.11.2022 / Дата публикации: 12.12.2022</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Imidourea is widely used as an antibacterial preservative in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. There are literature data on the toxicity and specific effect of the substance, but there are no hygienic standards in the air of the working area necessary to protect the health of workers.</p><p>The study aims to substantiate the approximate safe level of exposure (ASLE) of imidourea in the air of the working area based on the study of the nature of biological action in various ways of entry into the body.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The researchers chose the methods for studying the functions of organs and systems of experimental animals after a single inhalation of the substance at concentrations of 35.3±5.7 mg/m3 and 6.1±1.7 mg/m3 taking into account the literature data on the biological effect of the compound under study. We studied the antimicrobial effect of the substance on the intestinal microbiota of rats after 24 hours and 144 hours after inhalation exposure.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. During inhalation of the substance in both concentrations, the researchers observed disturbances in the balance of the intestinal microflora, which were characterized by changes in the number of individual representatives of the normal microbiota, which corresponds to the initial signs of dysbiosis of the 1st degree. 144 hours after exposure, the microflora balance was almost restored. Inhalation exposure to imidourea at a concentration of 35.3 mg /m3 also revealed changes in the functional parameters of the liver (decreased activity of alkaline phosphatase and glucose concentration in blood serum) and kidneys (decreased content and rate of protein excretion in urine).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Imidourea in the inhalation route of admission has a general toxic, sensitizing, weak antimicrobial effect. We recommend to use the ASLE of imidourea in the air of the working area of 1.5 mg/m3 (aerosol).</p></sec><sec><title>Ethics</title><p>Ethics. The Ethics Commission of JSC "VNC BAS" adopted and approved the imidourea research program (Protocol No. 3 of 11.02.2020).</p></sec><sec><title>Contribution</title><p>Contribution:Golubeva M.I. — concept and design, collection and processing of material, writing the text, editing;Bidevkina M.V. — concept and design, writing the text, editing;Sheina N.I. — concept and design, writing the text, editing;Budanova E.V. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing the text, editing;Vinogradova A.I. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing;Bobrineva I.A. — collection and processing of material;Fedorova E.A. — statistical processing.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. The study had no funding.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interests</title><p>Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: 27.10.2022 / Accepted: 24.11.2022 / Published: 12.12.2022</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>имидомочевина</kwd><kwd>антимикробное действие</kwd><kwd>токсичность</kwd><kwd>гигиеническое нормирование</kwd><kwd>микробиота кишечника</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>imidourea</kwd><kwd>antimicrobial action</kwd><kwd>toxicity</kwd><kwd>hygienic rationing</kwd><kwd>intestinal microbiota</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lehmann S.V. et al. Characterization and chemistry of imidazolidinyl urea and diazolidinyl urea. Contact Dermatitis. 2006, 54(1): 50-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0105-1873.2006.00735.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lehmann S.V. et al. Characterization and chemistry of imidazolidinyl urea and diazolidinyl urea. Contact Dermatitis. 2006, 54(1): 50–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0105-1873.2006.00735.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cosmetic Ingredients Review Expert Panel (1980) Final report of the safety assessment for imidazolidinyl urea. In Cosmetic Ingredients: Their Safety Assessment. Forest Park South, Illinois: Pathotox Publishers: 133-46.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cosmetic Ingredients Review Expert Panel (1980) Final report of the safety assessment for imidazolidinyl urea. In Cosmetic Ingredients: Their Safety Assessment. Forest Park South, Illinois: Pathotox Publishers: 133–46.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gao J. et al. Imidazolidinyl urea activates mast cells via MRGPRX2 to induce non-histaminergic allergy. Toxicol Res (Camb). 2021 Apr 29; 10(3): 467-75. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfab035</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gao J. et al. Imidazolidinyl urea activates mast cells via MRGPRX2 to induce non-histaminergic allergy. Toxicol Res (Camb). 2021 Apr 29; 10(3): 467–75. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfab035</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mitachi T. et al. Acidic conditions induce the suppression of CD86 and CD54 expression in THP-1 cells. J Toxicol Sci. 2018; 43(5): 299-309. https://doi.org/10.2131/jts.43.299</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mitachi T. et al. Acidic conditions induce the suppression of CD86 and CD54 expression in THP-1 cells. J Toxicol Sci. 2018; 43(5): 299–309. https://doi.org/10.2131/jts.43.299</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ryu O. et al. Effects of Several Cosmetic Preservatives on ROS-Dependent Apoptosis of Rat Neural Progenitor Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul). 2018 Nov 1; 26(6): 608-15. https://doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2017.221</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ryu O. et al. Effects of Several Cosmetic Preservatives on ROS-Dependent Apoptosis of Rat Neural Progenitor Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul). 2018 Nov 1; 26(6): 608–15. https://doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2017.221</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лабинская А.С., Блинкова Л.П., Ещина А.С. Общая и санитарная микробиология с техникой микробиологических исследований. СПб: Лань; 2022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Labinskaja A.S., Blinkova L.P., Eshhina A.S. General and sanitary microbiology with microbiological research techniques. SPb: Lan’; 2022 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лабинская А.С., Блинкова Л.П., Ещина А.С. Частная медицинская микробиология с техникой микробиологических исследований. СПб: Лань; 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Labinskaja A.S., Blinkova L.P., Eshhina A.S. Private medical microbiology with microbiological research techniques. SPb: Lan’; 2017 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дж. Хоулта, Н. Крига и др. Определитель бактерий Берджи. М.: Мир; 1997; 2: 631-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dzh. Houlta, N. Kriga i dr. The determinant of bacteria Bergi. M.: Mir; 1997; 2: 631–2 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шеина Н.И., Буданова Е.В., Колесникова В.В., Мялина Л.И., Сазонова Л.П. Микробиота кишечника крыс при воздействии биотехнологических микроорганизмов различного таксономического положения. Гигиена и санитария. 2021; 100(3): 234-9. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-3-234-239</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sheina N.I., Budanova E.V., Kolesnikova V.V., Mjalina L.I., Sazonova L.P. Microbiota of rat intestines under the influence of biotechnological microorganisms of different taxonomic position. Gigiena i sanitarija. 2021; 100(3): 234–9. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-3-234-239 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шендеров Б.А. Медицинская микробная экология и функциональное питание. Том 1: Микрофлора человека и животных и её функции. М.: Грантъ; 1998.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shenderov B.A. Medical microbial ecology and functional nutrition. Volume 1: Human and animal microflora and its functions. M.: Grant; 1998 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бухарин О.В., Иванова Е.В., Перунова Н.Б., Никифоров И.А. Функциональные группы бифидобактерий кишечной микробиоты в ассоциативном симбиозе человека. Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии. 2018; 1: 3-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buharin O.V., Ivanova E.V., Perunova N.B., Nikiforov I.A. Functional groups of intestinal microbiota bifidobacteria in human associative symbiosis. Zhurnal mikrobiologii, jepidemiologii i immunobiologii. 2018; 1: 3–9 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ракитянская П., Антипова А.Ф., Варфоломеева В.Н., Тюнева Н.И. Обнаружение факультативной микрофлоры при исследованиях на кишечный дисбактериоз. Инфекция и иммунитет. 2016; 6(3): 102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rakitjanskaja P., Antipova A.F., Varfolomeeva V.N., Tjuneva N.I. Detection of facultative microflora in studies for intestinal dysbiosis. Infekcija i immunitet. 2016; 6(3): 102 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лобзин Ю.В., Макарова В.Г., Корвякова Е.Р., Захаренко С.М. Дисбактериоз кишечника (клиника, диагностика, лечение). Руководство для врачей. СПб: Издательство Фолиант; 2003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lobzin Ju.V., Makarova V.G., Korvjakova E.R., Zaharenko S.M. Intestinal dysbiosis (clinic, diagnosis, treatment). A guide for doctors. SPb: Izdatel’stvo Foliant; 2003 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Завгородняя Е.Ф. Дисбактериоз кишечника (обзор). Дальневосточный журнал инфекционной патологии. 2010; 16: 131-41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zavgorodnjaja E.F. Intestinal dysbiosis (review). Dal’nevostochnyj zhurnal infekcionnoj patologii. 2010; 16: 131–41 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алешукина А.В. Патогенез дисбактериоза кишечника. Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии. 2012; 3: 74-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aleshukina A.V. Pathogenesis of intestinal dysbiosis. Zhurnal mikrobiologii, jepidemiologii i immunobiologii. 2012; 3: 74–8 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mishra A., Batra S. Thiourea and guanidine derivatives as antimalarial and antimicrobial agents. Curr Top Med Chem. 2013; 13(16): 2011-25. https://doi.org/10.2174/15680266113139990126 PMID: 23895095.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mishra A., Batra S. Thiourea and guanidine derivatives as antimalarial and antimicrobial agents. Curr Top Med Chem. 2013; 13(16): 2011–25. https://doi.org/10.2174/15680266113139990126</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim S.H., Semenya D., Castagnolo D. Antimicrobial drugs bearing guanidine moieties: A review. Eur J Med Chem. 2021 Apr 15; 216: 113293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113293</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim S.H., Semenya D., Castagnolo D. Antimicrobial drugs bearing guanidine moieties: A review. Eur J Med Chem. 202; 216: 113293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113293.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bielenica A. et al. Synthesis, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of thiourea derivatives incorporating 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl moiety. Eur J Med Chem. 2015 Aug 28; 101: 111-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.06.027</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bielenica A. et al. Synthesis, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of thiourea derivatives incorporating 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl moiety. Eur J Med Chem. 2015 Aug 28; 101: 111–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.06.027</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 38258, Imidazolidinyl urea. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Imidazolidinyl-urea</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 38258, Imidazolidinyl urea. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Imidazolidinyl-ur</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
