zurniimtpeМедицина труда и промышленная экологияRussian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology1026-94282618-8945FSBSI “Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health”10.31089/1026-9428-2022-62-2-72-90zurniimtpe-2899Research ArticleОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИORIGINAL ARTICLESТоксикология лунной пыли в аспекте возможной профессиональной патологии космонавтов — участников экспедиции на ЛунуToxicology of lunar dust in the aspect of possible occupational pathology of astronauts participating in an expedition to the Moon (review)https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3276-8036БариновВладимир АлександровичBarinovVladimir A.

Ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории медицинских проблем химической безопасности ФГБУ НКЦТ им. С.Н. Голикова ФМБА России, д-р мед. наук, профессор. 

e-mail: vladbar.57@yandex.ru

 https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57191163581 

Leading researcher of the laboratory of medical problems of chemical safety 1Federal State Budgetary Institution «Scientific and Clinical Center of Toxicology named after Academician S.N. Golikov of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency», doctor of medical sciences, professor.

e-mail: vladbar.57@yandex.ru

 https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57191163581 

vladbar.57@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0270-8622УшаковИ. Б.UshakovIgor B.

https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7102677521

https://publons.com/researcher/2185041/igor-b-ushakov/

https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7102677521

https://publons.com/researcher/2185041/igor-b-ushakov/ 

noemail@neicon.ruФГБУ «Научно-клинический центр токсикологии имени академика С.Н. Голикова Федерального медико-биологического агентства»; ФГОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет имени И.И. Мечникова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской ФедерацииРоссияScientific and Clinical Center of Toxicology named after Academician S.N. Golikov; North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. MechnikovRussian FederationФГБУ «Государственный научный центр Российской Федерации - Федеральный медицинский биофизический центр имени А.И. Бурназяна» ФМБА РоссииРоссияState Scientific Center of the Russian Federation - Federal Medical Biophysical Center named after A.I. BurnazyanRussian Federation2022310320226227290Copyright © Баринов В.А., Ушаков И.Б., 20222022Баринов В.А., Ушаков И.Б.Barinov V.A., Ushakov I.B.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.journal-irioh.ru/jour/article/view/2899Введение

Введение. Лунная пыль представляет новый для отечественной космической медицины потенциально опасный фактор, с которым неизбежно столкнутся космонавты — участники лунных экспедиций при осуществлении своей профессиональной деятельности. Актуальным является всестороннее изучение токсичности и опасности лунной пыли, её классификация в качестве профессионального вредного и(или) опасного производственного фактора, характеристика и оценка вероятности развития профессиональной патологии при остром, подостром и хроническом воздействии. Решение этих задач позволит обосновать соответствующие лечебно-профилактические мероприятия, осуществление которых необходимо как в условиях лунных экспедиций, так и после возвращения из них.

Цель исследования — на основе всестороннего анализа современных представлений о биологических эффектах и токсичности лунного грунта оценить возможность развития у космонавтов профессионально обусловленных заболеваний, связанных с действием лунной пыли.

Материалы и методы

Материалы и методы. В работе обобщены отечественные и зарубежные литературные данные о токсикологии лунной пыли, включая общую токсичность, пульмонотоксичность, местное раздражающее действие, специфические виды токсичности, биодоступность и кинетику частиц лунной пыли в организме. Проанализированы профпатологические аспекты токсикологии лунной пыли.

Результаты

Результаты. Выдвинуто предположение о ранжированности органов-мишеней, которые наиболее уязвимы как в плане развития ближайших последствий контакта с лунной пылью, так и в отношении отставленных по времени и отдалённых последствий такого воздействия. По итогам анализа литературных данных о токсикологии лунной пыли сделано предварительное заключение о том, что качестве возможных ближайших и отставленных эффектов случайного или сверхнормативного воздействия лунной пыли могут рассматриваться аллергические реакции, раздражение глаз, слизистых носоглотки, дыхательных путей, нарушения внешнего дыхания, умственной и физической работоспособности, а также снижение радиорезистентности организма. В качестве потенциальной отдалённой патологии, связанной с действием лунной пыли на организм космонавтов — участников лунных экспедиций, могут рассматриваться фиброзные изменения в лёгких, пневмокониоз, силикосиликатоз, лёгочной канцерогенез и нейродегенеративные заболевания. Механизмы и закономерности развития долгосрочных последствий воздействия лунной пыли на организм нуждаются в изучении.

Выводы

Выводы. Исследования по токсиколого-гигиеническому нормированию должны лежать в основе разработки комплекса санитарно-гигиенических и лечебно-профилактических мероприятий по обеспечению безопасности участников экспедиции на Луну при контактах с лунной пылью. Это позволит установить для лунной пыли официальный статус вредного и(или) опасного производственного химического фактора, а также определить и классифицировать обусловленные контактами с лунной пылью профессиональные заболевания.

Introduction

Introduction. Lunar dust is a new potentially dangerous factor to Russian space medicine, which astronauts participating in lunar expeditions will inevitably face when carrying out their professional activities. Therefore, a comprehensive study of the toxicity and danger of lunar dust, its classification as an occupational harmful and(or) dangerous production factor, characterization, and assessment of the likelihood of developing occupational pathology in acute, subacute, and chronic exposure are relevant. Furthermore, the solution of these tasks will make it possible to justify the appropriate therapeutic and preventive measures, the implementation of which is necessary both in the conditions of lunar expeditions and after returning from them.

The study aims to evaluate the possibility of developing professionally caused diseases associated with the action of lunar dust in astronauts based on a comprehensive analysis of modern ideas about the biological effects and toxicity of lunar dust.

Materials and methods

Materials and methods. Scientists have summarized the data of domestic and foreign literature on the toxicology of lunar dust, including general toxicity, pulmonary toxicity, local irritant effect, specific types of toxicity, bioavailability, and kinetics of lunar dust particles in the body. In addition, the authors analyzed the professional pathological aspects of the toxicology of lunar dust.

Results

Results. The researchers put forward an assumption about the ranking of target organs that are most vul-nerable in terms of the development of the immediate consequences of contact with lunar dust and concerning the delayed and long-term implications of such exposure. Based on the results of the analysis of literature data on the toxicology of lunar dust, the authors made a preliminary conclusion that as possible immediate and left effects of accidental and excess exposure to lunar dust, scientists consider allergic reactions, irritation of the eyes, mucous membranes of the nasopharynx, respiratory tract, respiratory disorders, mental and physical performance, as well as a decrease in radioresistance of the body. As a potential long-term pathology associated with the impact of lunar dust on the body of astronauts participating in lunar expeditions, scientists propose to consider fibrous changes in the lungs, pneumoconiosis, silcosilicatosis, pulmonary carcinogenesis, and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, it is necessary to study the mechanisms and patterns of long-term effects of exposure to lunar dust on the body.

Conclusions

Conclusions. Research on toxicological and hygienic rationing should be the basis for developing a set of sanitary and clean and therapeutic, and preventive measures to ensure the safety of participants of the expedition to the Moon in contact with lunar dust. In addition, it is possible to establish the official status of a harmful and(or) dangerous production chemical factor for lunar dust and identify and classify occupational diseases caused by contact with lunar dust.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.