zurniimtpeМедицина труда и промышленная экологияRussian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology1026-94282618-8945FSBSI “Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health”10.31089/1026-9428-2020-60-12-936-950zurniimtpe-2617Research ArticleОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫLITERATURE REVIEWНовые формы трудовой занятости и здоровье работниковNew forms of employment and workers' healthhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2771-1617ДенисовЭдуард ИльичDenisovEduard I.

Гл. науч. сотр. отдела по изучению гигиенических проблем в медицине труда ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда имени академика Н.Ф. Измерова», д-р биол. наук, проф.

e-mail: denisov28@yandex.ru

Chief Researcher of the Department for the Study of Hygienic Problems in Occupational Health, Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health, Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Professor.

e-mail: denisov28@yandex.ru

denisov28@yandex.ruФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда им. академика Н.Ф. Измерова»РоссияIzmerov Research Institute of Occupational HealthRussian Federation2020241220206012936950Copyright © Денисов Э.И., 20202020Денисов Э.И.Denisov E.I.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.journal-irioh.ru/jour/article/view/2617

Глобализация и цифровизация порождают комплекс проблем экономики, социологии и медицины труда. Растёт распространенность нестандартной (неустойчивой) трудовой занятости (НТЗ). В связи с пандемией COVID-19 и экономическим кризисом остро встал вопрос о занятости, здоровье и социальном благополучии работников.

Цель исследования - обзор литературы по вопросам НТЗ как проблемы медицины труда и новой социальной детерминанты здоровья работников.

Проведен анализ документов ВОЗ, МОТ, Евросоюза и др., обзор научной литературы по проблеме НТЗ и её влиянию на соматическое (в т. ч. репродуктивное), психическое здоровье и социальное благополучие работников. Рассмотрены правовые основы охраны труда и здоровья. Проанализирована неформальная экономика, терминология НТЗ, Конвенция МОТ № 175 о работе в условиях неполного времени и Конвенция № 177 о надомном труде и инициатива «Достойный труд». Рассмотрены характеристики и распространённость НТЗ, примеры форм организации труда, затронутые группы населения и сектора экономики. Уязвимые группы - женщины (особенно беременные), молодые и пожилые работники, мигранты, а самое неблагоприятное положение дел - в строительстве, сельском хозяйстве, общепите, туризме и др. и много лучше - в государственном секторе. НТЗ и её влияние на здоровье - важная тема социальной эпидемиологии, при этом аффективное нарушение здоровья почти так же сильно, как при потере работы. НТЗ часто связана с плохими условиями труда, физически тяжелой работой и повышенным риском несчастных случаев, при этом чаще страдают молодые работники. Установлено, что отсутствие уверенности в сохранении работы отрицательно сказывается на психическом здоровье - отношение шансов свыше 1,5. НТЗ связана с нарушением репродуктивного поведения и здоровья, а также рождением детей с малой массой тела. Приведены особенности удаленной работы, её плюсы и минусы. Анализ проблемы занятости с позиций медицины труда выявил связь форм занятости с показателями здоровья и качества жизни, а также позволил сделать некоторые обобщения и сформулировать принципы труда и здоровья. Рассмотрено будущее труда, новые профессии, знания и навыки. В Программе развития ООН цель 8 «Достойная работа и экономический рост» заключается в обеспечении полной занятости и достойной работы для всех к 2030 г. НТЗ становится всё более частой, поэтому необходим дальнейший сбор данных и исследования её эффектов среди новых групп работников. Цифровизация экономики и общества в ближайшей перспективе вызовет сдвиг парадигмы в медицине труда: будущее медицины труда - профилактика не только профзаболеваний, но преимущественно болезней, связанных с работой.

Globalization and digitalization give rise to a complex of problems of economics, sociology, and occupational health. The prevalence of precarious employment (PE) is growing. In connection with the COVID-19 pandemic and the economic crisis, employment and social well-being have become acute.

The study aims to review literature and essays on PE as a problem of occupational health and a new social determinant of workers' health.

The author has made the analysis of documents from WHO, ILO, European Union, etc., scientific literature and essays on the problem of PE and its impact on somatic (including reproductive) health, mental health, and workers' social well-being. The legal bases of labor and health protection are considered. The informal economy, the terminology of forms of PE, and the ILO Convention No. 175 on part-time work and the Convention No. 177 on home work and the Decent Work Initiative were analyzed. The characteristics and prevalence of PE, examples of forms of work organization, affected groups of the population, and sectors of the economy are considered. Vulnerable groups are women (especially pregnant women), young and elderly workers, migrants, and the most unfavorable situation is in construction, agriculture, catering, tourism, etc., and much better in the public sector. PE and its impact on health are an essential topic in social epidemiology, and affective health problems are almost as severe as unemployment. PE is often associated with poor working conditions, physically demanding work and an increased risk of accidents, with young workers more often affected. The lack of confidence in keeping a job negatively affects mental health - the odds ratio is over 1.5. PE is associated with impaired reproductive behavior and reproductive health and the birth of children with low body weight. The features of home work, its pros, and cons are given. An analysis of employment from the standpoint of occupational health revealed the relationship between forms of employment and indicators of health and quality of life and made it possible to complete some generalizations and formulate the principles of work and health. The future of labor, new occupations, knowledge, and skills are considered. In the United Nations Development Program, Goal 8, Decent Work and Economic Growth, is to achieve full employment and decent work for all by 2030. PE is becoming more frequent; therefore, further data collection and research into its effects among new groups of workers is necessary. Soon, the digitalization of the economy and society will cause a paradigm shift in occupational health: the future of occupational health is the prevention of occupational diseases and work-related disorders.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.