<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">zurniimtpe</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицина труда и промышленная экология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1026-9428</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-8945</issn><publisher><publisher-name>FSBSI “Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31089/1026-9428-2020-60-1-12-18</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">zurniimtpe-1465</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Полиморфизмы генов ферментов репарации ДНК и показатели нестабильности генома у рабочих угольных шахт</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Polymorphisms of genes of DNA repair enzymes and indicators of genome instability in coal mine workers</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рыжкова</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryzhkova</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рыжкова Анастасия Владимировна, вед. инженер-технолог</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasia V. Ryzhkova, leading process engineer</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">A.VRyzhkova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Минина</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Minina</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соколова</surname><given-names>А. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sokolova</surname><given-names>A. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баканова</surname><given-names>М. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bakanova</surname><given-names>M. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Титов</surname><given-names>Р. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Titov</surname><given-names>R. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тимофеева</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Timofeeva</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Федеральный исследовательский центр угля и углехимии Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>The Federal Research Center of Coal and Coal Chemistry of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВПО «Кемеровский государственный университет»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kemerovo state University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>01</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>12</fpage><lpage>18</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Рыжкова А.В., Минина В.И., Соколова А.О., Баканова М.Л., Титов Р.А., Тимофеева А.А., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Рыжкова А.В., Минина В.И., Соколова А.О., Баканова М.Л., Титов Р.А., Тимофеева А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ryzhkova A.V., Minina V.I., Sokolova A.O., Bakanova M.L., Titov R.A., Timofeeva A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.journal-irioh.ru/jour/article/view/1465">https://www.journal-irioh.ru/jour/article/view/1465</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Угольная промышленность — одна из основных сфер экономики многих стран мира. Однако данная сфера деятельности представляет опасность для окружающей среды и здоровья человека. Поскольку Кемеровская область является регионом с развитой промышленностью, проблема поддержания генетического гомеостаза является актуальной. Горнорабочие подвергаются воздействию различных вредных факторов, которые могут выступать в качестве генотоксикантов и тем самым вызывать различные повреждения ДНК.</p><p>Цель исследования — изучение ассоциаций полиморфных вариантов генов репарации ДНК с хромосомной нестабильностью у работников угледобывающей промышленности.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Проведен молекулярно-генетический анализ полиморфных вариантов генов ферментов репарации ДНК (XPD (rs13181), XPG (rs17655), XRCC2 (rs3218536), XRCC3 (rs861536), XRCC4 (rs2075685), XRCC4 (rs1805377)), и выполнен цитогенетический анализ хромосомных аберраций в лимфоцитах крови у 307 работников угольных шахт Кузбасса и 338 жителей Кемеровской области, не работающих на промышленных предприятиях.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Установлено, что частота аберраций хромосом в группе шахтеров (4,01±0,14) была значимо выше, чем в группе лиц, не работавших на производстве (1,67±0,06, р&lt;0,0000005). Выявлены варианты генов, ассоциированные с наиболее высоким уровнем хромосомных повреждений у шахтеров: XPD (rs13181), XRCC3 (rs861536), XRCC4 (rs2075685).</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Угольное производство оказывает негативное воздействие на геном рабочих и способно привести к формированию цитогенетических нарушений, что определяет необходимость разработки мер комплексной профилактики заболеваний, обусловленных накоплением повреждений ДНК. Результаты исследования позволят расширить имеющиеся представления о формировании индивидуальной чувствительности генетического аппарата человека к воздействию генотоксических факторов, а также сформулировать рекомендации для работников угледобывающего производства в соответствии с их генетическими характеристиками.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Coal industry is one of the main economy sectors of many countries. However, it poses a danger to the environment and human health. Since the Kemerovo region is a region with a developed industry, the problem of maintaining genetic homeostasis is highly relevant. Miners are exposed to various harmful factors that can act as genotoxicants and cause various DNA damage.</p><p>The aim of the study was to explore the associations of polymorphic variants of DNA repair genes with chromosomal instability in coal mining workers.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Polymorphic variants of genes of enzymes of reparation DNA (XPD (rs13181), XPG (rs17655), XRCC2 (rs3218536), XRCC3 (rs861536), XRCC4 (rs2075685), XRCC4 (rs1805377)) and chromosomal aberrations in blood lymphocytes of 307 miners of coal mines in Kuzbass, 338 residents of the Kemerovo region who did not work in industrial enterprises were analyzed.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The frequency of chromosomal aberrations in the group of miners (4.01±0.14) was significantly higher than in the group of individuals who did not work in production (1.67±0.06, p&lt;0.0000005). We found that allelic variants in genes XPD (rs13181), XRCC3 (rs861536), XRCC4 (rs2075685), are associated with the increased chromosomal damage in miners.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. Coal production has a negative impact on the genome of workers and can lead to the formation of cytogenetic disorders, which determines the need to develop measures for the comprehensive prevention of diseases caused by the accumulation of DNA damage. The results of the study will expand the existing understanding of the formation of the human genetic apparatus individual sensitivity to the effects of genotoxic factors, as well as formulate recommendations for coal mining workers in accordance with their genetic characteristics.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interests</title><p>Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>шахтеры</kwd><kwd>хромосомные аберрации</kwd><kwd>гены ферментов репарации ДНК</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>miners</kwd><kwd>chromosomal aberrations</kwd><kwd>DNA repair enzyme genes</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование было поддержано государственным заданием на 2019–2021 гг. №ГЗ 0352–2019–0011 (ЕГИСУ НИОКР АААА-А17–117041410052–4).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by State task to 2019–2021 years. No. GZ 0352–2019–0011 (EGIS R &amp; d AAAA-A17–117041410052–4).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хорошилова Л.С., Табакаева Л.М., Харин Д.В. О профессиональной заболеваемости работников угольной отрасли промышленности Кузбасса. Безопасность труда в промышленности. 2008; 10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khoroshilova L.S., Tabakaeva L.M., Kharin D.V. On the occupational morbidity of workers in the coal industry of Kuzbass. Bezopasnost truda v promyshlennosti. 2008; 10. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hsu T.C. Genetic instability in the human population: a working hypothesis. Hereditas. 1998; 4: 1–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hsu T.C. Genetic instability in the human population: a working hypothesis. Hereditas. 1998; 4:1–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kloosterman WP, Hochstenbach R . Deciphering the pathogenic consequences of chromosomal aberrations in human genetic disease. Mol Cytogenet. 2014; 7: 100–12. DOI: 10.1186/ s13039-014-0100-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kloosterman WP, Hochstenbach R. Deciphering the pathogenic consequences of chromosomal aberrations in human genetic disease. MolCytogenet. 2014; 7: 100–12. DOI: 10.1186/s13039-014-0100-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сальникова Л.Е., Чумаченко А.Г., Лаптева Н.Ш., Веснина И.Н., Кузнецова Г.И., Рубанович А.В. Аллельные варианты полиморфных генов, сопряженные с повышенной частотой хромосомных аберраций. Генетика. 2011; 47 (11): 1536–44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salnikova L.E., Chumachenko A.G., Lapteva N.S., Vesnina I. N., Kuznecova G. I., Rubanovich A.V. Allelic variants of polymorphic genes associated with a higher frequency of chromosome aberrations. Genetika. 2011; 47 (11): 1364–71 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Минина В.И., Нелюбова Ю.А., Савченко Я.А. Тимофеева А.А., Астафьева Е.А., Баканова М.Л. и др. Оценка повреждений хромосом у рабочих угольных теплоэлектростанций. Мед. труда и пром. экол. 2019; 3: 149–54.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Minina V.I., Nelyubova Y.A., Savchenko Y.A., Timofeeva A.A., Astaf ’eva E.A., Bakanova M.L. et al. Estimation of chromosome disorders in workers at coal thermal power plant. Med. truda i prom ekol. 2019; 3: 149–54. DOI:10.31089/1026-9428-2019-3-149-154 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бочков Н.П., Чеботарев А.Н., Катосова Л.Д., Платонова В.И. База данных для анализа количественных характеристик частоты хромосомных аберраций в культуре лимфоцитов периферической крови человека. Генетика. 2001; 37 (4): 549–57.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bochkov N.P., Chebotarev A.N., Katosova L.D., Platonova V.I. Database for the analysis of quantitative characteristics of the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in a culture of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Genetika. 2001; 37(4): 549–57 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дружинин В.Г. Количественные характеристики частоты хромосомных аберраций в группе жителей крупного промышленного региона Западной Сибири. Генетика. 2003; 39 (10): 1373–80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Druzhinin V.G. Quantitative characteristics of the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in the group of residents of a large industrial region of Western Siberia. Genetika. 2003; 39(10): 1373– 80 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Минина В.И., Кулемин Ю.Е., Толочко Т.А., Мейер А.В., Савченко Я.А., Волобаев В.П. и др. Генотоксические эффекты воздействия производственной среды у шахтеров Кузбасса. Мед. труда и пром. экол. 2015; 5: 4–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Minina V.I, Kulemin Y.E, Tolochko T.A, Mejer A.V., Savchenko Y.A., Volobaev V.P. et al. Genotoksicheskie eff ekty vozdejstviya proizvodstvennoj sredy u shahterov Kuzbassa. Med. truda i prom. ekol. 2015; 5: 4–8 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Monaco R., Rosal R., Dolan M.A., Pincus M.R., Freyer G., Brandt R. Conformational eff ects of a common codon 751 polymorphism on the C-terminal domain of the xerodermapigmentosum D protein. J. Carcinog. 2009; 8: 12. DOI:10.4103/1477- 3163.54918.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Monaco R., Rosal R., Dolan M.A., Pincus M.R., Freyer G., Brandt R. Conformational eff ects of a common codon 751 polymorphism on the C-terminal domain of the xerodermapigmentosum D protein. J. Carcinog. 2009; 8: 12. DOI:10.4103/1477- 3163.54918.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Junop M.S., Modesti M., Guarné A., Ghirlando R., Gellert M., Yang W. Crystal structure of the XRCC4 DNA repair protein and implications for end joining. EMBO J. 2000; 19 (22): 5962–70. DOI:10.1093/emboj/19.22.5962.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Junop M.S., Modesti M., Guarné A., Ghirlando R., Gellert M., Yang W. Crystal structure of the XRCC4 DNA repair protein and implications for end joining. EMBO J. 2000; 19 (22): 5962–70. DOI: 10.1093/emboj/19.22.5962.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wlodarczyk M, Nowicka G. XPD gene rs13181 polymorphism and DNA damage in human lymphocytes. Biochem. Genet. 2012; 50 (11–2): 860–70. DOI: 10.1007/s10528-012-9526-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wlodarczyk M, Nowicka G. XPD gene rs13181 polymorphism and DNA damage in human lymphocytes. Biochem. Genet. 2012; 50 (11–2): 860–70. DOI: 10.1007/s10528-012-9526-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xiao S., Cui S., Lu X., Guan Y., Li D., Liu Q. et al. Th e ERCC2/XPD Lys751Gln polymorphism affects DNA repair of benzo[a]pyrene induced damage, tested in an in vitro model. Toxicol In Vitro. 2016; 34: 300–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.04.015 .</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xiao S., Cui S., Lu X., Guan Y., Li D., Liu Q. et al. The ERCC2/XPD Lys751Gln polymorphism affects DNA repair of benzo[a]pyrene induced damage, tested in an in vitro model. Toxicol In Vitro. 2016; 34: 300–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.04.015 .</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соколова А.О. Вклад полиморфизма генов XpD и XpС в формирование хромосомных аберраций у здоровых шахтеров. Материалы симпозиума XIV: Международной научно-практической конференции «Образование, наука, инновации: вклад молодых исследователей». Кемерово, 22–24 апр., 2019 г.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sokolova AO. Vklad polimorfizma genov XРD i XРC v formirovanie hromosomnyh aberracij u zdorovyh shahterov. Мaterialy simpoziuma XIV: Mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii “Obrazovanie, nauka, innovacii: vklad molodyh issledovatelei”. Kemerovo, 22–24 apr., 2019. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matullo G., Palli G., Matullo D., Guarrera S., Carturan S., Celentano E. et al. XRCC1, XRCC3, XPD gene polymorphisms, smoking, and (32) P-DNA adducts in a sample of healthy subjects. Carcinogenesis. 2001; 22(9): 1437–45. DOI:10.1093/carcin/22.9.1437.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matullo G., Palli G., Matullo D., Guarrera S., Carturan S., Celentano E. et al. XRCC1, XRCC3, XPD gene polymorphisms, smoking, and (32) P-DNA adducts in a sample of healthy subjects. Carcinogenesis. 2001; 22(9):1437–1445. DOI:10.1093/carcin/22.9.1437.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shakeri M., Zakeri F., Changizi V., Rajabpour M.R ., Farshidpour M.R. Cytogenetic effects of radiation and genetic polymorphisms of the XRCC1 and XRCC3repair genes in industrial radiographers. Radiat Environ Biophys. 2019; 58(2): 247–55. DOI:10.1007/s00411-019-00782-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shakeri M., Zakeri F., Changizi V., Rajabpour M.R., Farshidpour M.R. Cytogenetic effects of radiation and genetic polymorphisms of the XRCC1 and XRCC3repair genes in industrial radiographers. Radiat Environ Biophys. 2019; 58(2): 247–255. DOI:10.1007/s00411-019-00782-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Уржумов П.В., Возилова А.В., Донов П.Н., Блинова Е.А., Аклеев А.В. Связь полиморфизма генов систем репарации ДНК с повышенным уровнем хромосомных аберраций у облученных лиц. Медико-биологические проблемы жизнедеятельности. 2014; 1(11): 59–64.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urzhumov P.V., Vozilova A.V., Donov P.N., Blinova E.A., Akleev A.V. Th e relationship of DNA polymorphism of DNA repair systems with an increased level of chromosome aberrations in irradiated individuals. Mediko-biologicheskie problem zhiznedeyatel’nosti. 2014; 1(11): 59–64 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hsu N.Y., Wang H.C,. Wang C.H. Lung cancer susceptibility and genetic polymorphism of DNA repair gene XRCC4 in Taiwan. Cancer Biomark. 2009; 5(4): 159–65. DOI:10.3233/CBM-2009- 0617.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hsu N.Y.,  Wang H.C,.  Wang C.H. Lung cancer susceptibility and genetic polymorphism of DNA repair gene XRCC4 in Taiwan. Cancer Biomark. 2009; 5(4): 159–65. DOI:10.3233/CBM-2009-0617.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ding Y, Li LN. Association between single nucleotide polymorphisms of X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 4 gene and development of pancreatic cancer. Genetics and Molecular Research. 2015; 14(3): 9626–32. DOI: 10.4238/2015.august. 14.25.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ding Y, Li LN. Association between single nucleotide polymorphisms of X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 4 gene and development of pancreatic cancer. Genetics and Molecular Research. 2015; 14(3): 9626–32. DOI: 10.4238/2015.august.14.25.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
